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tests that involve a conceptual understanding of number relationships and arithmetical concepts basic arithmetical skills 5 ? Development: Numerical Facility factor found in: – kindergarten children (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children WISC): – 5 7 years of age also demonstrate (Meyers and Dingman 1960) – samples of children, adolescents in elementary schools, junior high school, high school, and college 6 ? The factor bees more exclusively arithmetical in nature with development. – Arithmetic and working memory to exclusively arithmetical ? relationship between performance on numerical facility tests and tests of mathematical reasoning bee weaker with age. 7 Mathematical Reasoning ? Different labels: arithmetical reasoning, general reasoning, ? ability to find and evaluate quantitative relationships and to draw conclusions on the basis of quantitative information ? Relationship between Numerical Facility and Mathematical Reasoning factors bee weaker with age. 8 ? 8th grade: the two factors clustered ? grades 9 to 11 and college students: distinct Mathematical Reasoning ? college students: the 2 unrelated. 9 Other Mathematical Abilities ? Dot Counting Factor: ability to quickly and accurately count arrays of d