【正文】 s plan contribution must meet certain minimum standards as to employee participation and vesting and employer funding. ERISA also approved the use of individual retirement accounts (IRAs) to encourage taxdeferred retirement savings by individuals. The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (ERTA) provided the largest tax cut up to that time, reducing the maximum individual rate from 70 percent to 50 percent (Pub. L. No. 9734, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 172). The most sweeping tax changes since world war ii were enacted in the Tax Reform Act of 1986. This bill was signed into law by President ronald reagan and was designed to equalize the tax treatment of various assets, eliminate tax shelters, and lower marginal rates. Conservatives wanted the act to provide a single, low tax rate that could be applied to everyone. Although this single, flat rate was not included in the final bill, tax rates were reduced to 15 percent on the first $17,850 of ine for singles and $29,750 for married couples, and set at 28 to 33 percent on remaining ine. Many deductions were repealed, such as a deduction available to twoine married couples that had been used to avoid the marriage penalty (a greater tax liability incurred when two persons filed their ine tax return as a married couple rather than as individuals). Although the personal exemption exclusion was increased, an exemption for elderly and blind persons who itemize deductions was repealed. In addition, a special capital gains rate was repealed, as was an investment tax credit that had been introduced in 1962 by President john f. kennedy. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, the first budget and tax act enacted during the Clinton administration, was vigorously debated, and passed with only the minimum number of necessary votes. This law provided for ine tax rates of 15, 28, 31, 36, and percent on varying levels of ine and for the taxation of social security ine if the taxpayer receives other ine over a certain level. In 2022 Congress enacted a major ine tax cut at the urging of President gee w. bush. Over the course of 11 years the law reduces marginal ine tax rates across all levels of ine. The 36 percent rate will be lowered to 33 percent, the 31 percent rate to 28 percent, the 28 percent rate to 25 percent. In addition, a new bottom 10 percent rate was created. Since the early 1980s, a flatrate tax system rather than the graduated bracketed method has been proposed. (The graduated bracketed method is the one that has been used since graduated taxes were introduced: the percentage of tax differs based on the amount of taxable ine.) The flatrate system would impose one rate, such as 20 percent, on all ine and would eliminate special deductions, credits, and exclusions. Despite firm support by some, the flatrate tax has not been adopted in the United States. Regardless of the changes made by legislators since 1913, the basic formula for puting the amount of tax owed has remained basically the same. To determine the amount of ine tax owed, certain deductions are taken from an individual39。 loan amp。三是商業(yè)銀行應(yīng)順應(yīng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)金融發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，通過“銀行再造”加快業(yè)務(wù)模式調(diào)整，通過創(chuàng)新破解金融脫媒。 2022 年以來互聯(lián)網(wǎng)金融發(fā)展迅速，呈現(xiàn)“百家爭(zhēng)鳴，野蠻生長”的態(tài)勢(shì)。需要重新搜集客戶資信信息 ,總結(jié)客戶在信用狀況 ,對(duì)客戶資信進(jìn)行重新評(píng)價(jià)。因此 ,在對(duì)客戶資信狀況進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)時(shí)，要遵 循以下資信管理原則 ： （ 1）集中管理原則。對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)，從簡單的通 道服務(wù)向增值服務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)型，通過建 設(shè)高素質(zhì)投資顧問團(tuán)隊(duì)，提高經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)水平，對(duì)于投行業(yè)務(wù)，增強(qiáng)業(yè)務(wù)拓展能力，提高證券發(fā)行的定價(jià)能力，打造其核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，對(duì)于證券投資業(yè)務(wù)， 積極探索新的投資盈利模式，調(diào)整投資規(guī)模。 跨時(shí)間思考亦即不斷參與并促成外部的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。與此同時(shí)，銀行開始把互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)與銀行核心業(yè)務(wù)進(jìn)行更為深度的整合。 在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)金融產(chǎn)品還很難實(shí)現(xiàn)這部分功能之前，盡快獲得市場(chǎng)，占據(jù)主動(dòng)權(quán)。另外，商業(yè)銀行在建立 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)業(yè)務(wù) 時(shí)要注意“內(nèi)部牽制”。 發(fā)揮表率作用，密切關(guān)注和監(jiān)督互聯(lián)網(wǎng)金融業(yè)務(wù) 首先，商業(yè)銀行應(yīng)積極與社會(huì)各部門配合，密切關(guān)注互聯(lián)網(wǎng)金融業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)展，保持對(duì)相關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的警醒：一是工業(yè)信息以及人民銀行、銀監(jiān)會(huì)等行業(yè)監(jiān)管部門，可從信息技術(shù)、信貸政策、金融安全等角度，聯(lián)合科研院所等機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)新型金融業(yè)務(wù)加強(qiáng)研究，并探索建立網(wǎng)絡(luò)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的防火墻，避免相關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)蔓延；二 是與工商、稅務(wù)等部門密切合作，加強(qiáng)對(duì)從事互聯(lián)網(wǎng)金融業(yè)務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)的監(jiān)管，適當(dāng)加大檢查頻率和深度，充分收集第一手信息，及時(shí)反映該類機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)展中存在的問題；三是配合公安機(jī)關(guān)加大對(duì)利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)金融之名詐騙公眾錢財(cái)?shù)冗`法行為的打擊力度。 P2P 借貸平臺(tái)的設(shè)計(jì)和搭建主要依據(jù) 技術(shù)，與傳統(tǒng)金融網(wǎng)絡(luò)化平臺(tái)在技術(shù)理 念上基本一致，因此，對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融面臨的潛在安全缺陷， P2P 借貸平臺(tái)也難以回避。目前，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)金融公司尚無法接入人民銀行征信系統(tǒng)，各公司之間也不存在信用信息共享機(jī)制，對(duì)借款人的信用審核完全依賴各公司自身的審核技術(shù)和策略，獨(dú)立采集、分析信用信息。除此之外，第三方支付機(jī)構(gòu)的崛起已開始挑戰(zhàn)銀行在支付領(lǐng)域的壟斷地位，技術(shù)性脫媒的進(jìn)程也在不斷加速。歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，無論是美、日等發(fā)達(dá)國家，還是巴西、智利等發(fā)展中國家，利率市場(chǎng)化過程中銀行業(yè)都遭受了較大沖擊，甚至有部分銀行破產(chǎn)倒閉。 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)融資長期內(nèi)對(duì)商業(yè)銀行 傳統(tǒng) 業(yè)務(wù)形成直接沖擊 9 長期以來，中國商業(yè)銀行形成了 資產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)以信貸為主、客戶結(jié)構(gòu)以對(duì)公大客戶為主、收入結(jié)構(gòu)以利息收入為主的“單一結(jié)構(gòu)”特征?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)金融正在以新的基因滲透到傳統(tǒng)金融領(lǐng)域使其產(chǎn)生大的變革。 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)金融不是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和金融業(yè)的簡單結(jié)合，而是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的開放性與傳統(tǒng)金融高度整合的產(chǎn)物。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)金融利用互聯(lián)8 網(wǎng)技術(shù)，將金融產(chǎn)品 “ 關(guān)注用戶體驗(yàn) ” 、 “ 致力界面友好 ” 等設(shè)計(jì)理念發(fā)揮得淋漓盡致。 同時(shí)，進(jìn)一步深入研究挖掘數(shù)據(jù)，從而改善現(xiàn)行的利率定價(jià)體系。在為融資者提高效率的同時(shí)，也為 投資者降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、提高收益。當(dāng)前企業(yè)申請(qǐng)的銀行貸款融資，都需要進(jìn)行第三方機(jī)構(gòu)的信用評(píng)估，或者進(jìn)行第三方代表，進(jìn)一步加大了銀行融資的難度，提高了中小企業(yè)融資的成本。 當(dāng)前中小企業(yè)對(duì)貸款的要求表現(xiàn)為融資的次數(shù)比較頻繁，但是每次融資申請(qǐng)的金融都不大，這主要是和每個(gè)中小企業(yè)經(jīng)營業(yè)務(wù)范疇有關(guān)。 當(dāng)前中小企業(yè)的融資渠道主要為銀行貸款，并且重點(diǎn)是短期流動(dòng)資金的貸款，企業(yè)內(nèi)部融資以及國家扶持資金等，內(nèi)部融資主要來源于企業(yè)內(nèi)部管理層和員工的資金，占比較少，僅為 %，而且國家扶持資金也不是每年都能申請(qǐng)得到的。 在線金融服務(wù) 在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)金融的時(shí)代下，新型互聯(lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)把目標(biāo)放到了金融領(lǐng)域不再僅僅局限于支付領(lǐng)域，相繼推出創(chuàng)新型的金融互聯(lián)網(wǎng)結(jié)合產(chǎn)品，如在線融資，基金銷售，綜合理財(cái)?shù)?，從而在形式上真正?shí)現(xiàn)了金融、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、電子商務(wù)三者的融合。 網(wǎng)絡(luò)融資 網(wǎng)絡(luò)融資產(chǎn)業(yè)是我國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)金融重要的細(xì)分行業(yè)組成。向下是單點(diǎn)連接商戶，能夠及時(shí)滿足商戶的小額、快捷的支付清算需要，向下鏈接商業(yè)銀行的基礎(chǔ)清算系統(tǒng)，減少了銀行業(yè)務(wù)復(fù)雜度。之所以稱 為第三方，是因?yàn)檫@些平臺(tái)不涉及資金所有權(quán)，而只是起到中介的作用。 表 1 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)金融 —— 按創(chuàng)新方式分類 創(chuàng)新方式 主要模式 支付方式的創(chuàng)新 第三方支 付 支付寶、財(cái)富通、快錢、易寶支付 投融資方式的創(chuàng)新 —— 非銀行網(wǎng)絡(luò)投融資模式 網(wǎng)絡(luò)微貸 阿里小貸、京東供應(yīng)鏈貸款、蘇寧小貸 P2P 人人貸、拍拍貸、宜人貸、紅嶺創(chuàng)投 眾籌 點(diǎn)名時(shí)間、追夢(mèng)網(wǎng)、淘夢(mèng)網(wǎng)、天使匯、大家投