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然而,環(huán)境管理是良好管治的 重點 問題,而發(fā)展中國家如土耳其可以改善他們的制度環(huán)境,從而平衡經(jīng)濟發(fā)展與資源的可持續(xù)利用 及環(huán)境之間的關(guān)系 ,克服其局限性。 如果不 制定 策略來控制 、 開發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)換土地使用 ,將會帶來嚴重后果,故 生態(tài) 環(huán)境 和經(jīng)濟的良性發(fā)展應(yīng)該成為一個主要的地方議程的一部分,以減輕 城鎮(zhèn)化 進程的后 果。拓展 城鎮(zhèn) 發(fā)展空間 及其大規(guī)模的增長, 大多 是 以犧牲農(nóng)業(yè)用地 為代價 。制度環(huán)境塑造了在土耳其的 農(nóng)村景觀 , 指出城鎮(zhèn)化過程中引發(fā)的環(huán)境污染等問題。受保護的自然空間的建立是必要的, 這樣可以 防止 在城鎮(zhèn)化過程中 侵占這些領(lǐng)域,并連接在北部和南部的自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)與更廣泛山東理工大學本科畢業(yè)論文 12 的生態(tài)網(wǎng)絡(luò),包括 城鎮(zhèn) 開放空間和農(nóng)業(yè)補丁, 這些都 將變得越來越有必要。目前,每個市 都有本市的 計劃。 這是一個共同的趨勢,不僅在土耳其城市,在地中海的歐洲城市如巴塞羅那 等也有這一傾向 。 據(jù)Tregoing 和其他等 人( 2022) 提出 , 無休止地 消耗珍貴的空間和 不均衡的 發(fā)展破壞 了農(nóng)村的生態(tài) 景觀 及造成了污染 。景觀生態(tài)學是很重要的,因為它明確注重空間格局與過程,并提供理論和實證的證據(jù),幫助規(guī)劃者了解和比較不同的空間配置 及 土地用途規(guī)劃。中央決策 在 有關(guān) 環(huán)境 法律方面 已大大受益,并因為在過去 幾十年中許多環(huán)境條約簽署和批準 的原因 已形成環(huán)保趨勢 。土耳其的國家政策 從整體上考慮經(jīng)濟 、 社會 、 環(huán)境 、 國際農(nóng)業(yè)方面, 規(guī)定在有效利用資源的范圍內(nèi),確保糧食安全的同時 提高生產(chǎn)水平和作物產(chǎn)量,增加農(nóng)業(yè)收入, 保護自然資源和可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)。特別是最近幾年,從城市中心區(qū)到周邊地區(qū)的 商業(yè)及住宅用途土地 的蔓延已成為常見的, 在 貧民窟 附近 和 人口增長速率很高的地區(qū) ,更多的土地是可用的。這種機 制包括政府的作用和活動,以提高公眾意識的必要性,以保護 農(nóng)村環(huán)境 。但是,集中決策仍然盛 行在農(nóng)村 之中, 這使得當?shù)氐拇胧?在 保護環(huán)境 方面由于 小社區(qū)的需求空間不足 而無法有效實行 。盡管土耳其法律規(guī)定,有興趣的團體 參與決策,使得相關(guān)的環(huán)境問題已經(jīng)有效 地讓公眾參與 到城鎮(zhèn)化 規(guī)劃過程中 。在此期間,與環(huán)境有關(guān)的 條例 被添加到憲法, 如 為防止地面污染 ,簽訂了 巴塞羅那公約和國際協(xié)議 。 土耳其整體的 城鎮(zhèn) 化政策,定期 為 5 年發(fā)展 規(guī)劃 ,由國家計委機構(gòu)編制。 土耳其憲法規(guī)定 ,在 法律的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展可持續(xù)的環(huán)境政策, 因此制定了一 系列關(guān)于城鎮(zhèn)化的法律 (例如,環(huán)境法,森林法,海岸法 ,公共工程法)。 1982 年的憲法修正案直接 提到 了環(huán)境。此外, 土耳其 住在其他國家的公民 在他們返回土耳其之后, 普遍喜歡住在 城鎮(zhèn)。工業(yè)化 在土耳其城市 的 發(fā)展 過程中發(fā)揮了重大作用 ,特別是考慮到遷移引發(fā)的工業(yè)化。了解這些動態(tài)將 有助于 制定政策和計劃,以保障和促進農(nóng)村景觀生態(tài)健全 的 規(guī)劃 建立 , 使區(qū)域規(guī)劃更合理 。 因此 制度環(huán)境塑造模式的發(fā)展是至關(guān)重要的。另外,提 高群眾的環(huán)保意識,讓公眾參與到保護及監(jiān)督環(huán)境中來,真正實現(xiàn)城鎮(zhèn)化進程中經(jīng)濟與環(huán)境的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。山東理工大學本科畢業(yè)論文 1 Turkey Rural Urbanization in environmental issues Abstract This article highlights the government in the process of urbanization in the important role played by institutional, legislative and a series of policies to effectively alleviate or even solved in the process of urbanization in the environmental pollution. The paper also analyzed by using a landscape ecology of a city in Turkey Aydin, hopes to further improve the landscape ecology of urbanization in environmental protection. In addition, to rise public awareness of environmental protection for the public to participate in environmental protection and supervision in the past, the real process of urbanization in the coordinated development of economy and environment.. Keywords: Urbanization, Government, Environmental Protection, Public Awareness 山東理工大學本科畢業(yè)論文 2 1. Introduction Urbanization generates cultural and sociological change. Alteration of lifestyles from rural to urban changes people’s perceptions about their environment and the way they use this environment. Urbanization gradually but profoundly changes spatial patterns and the ecological functioning of the landscape matrix. Urbanized landscapes are highly dynamic, plex, and multifunctional. The institutional environment is critical in shapin g patterns of development. This environment consists of formal rules (., property rights, laws, constitutions, international treaties) and informal constraints such as norms of behavior, conventions, and selfimposed codes of conduct, and characteristics of their enforcement. The case study described in the present paper investigated the transformation in land use in the Aydin urban area of western Turkey. Urbanization is encroaching upon the highly fertile agricultural lands and surrounding natural areas, and the social structure of the city is changing as increasing numbers of people arrive from eastern Turkey and rural areas around the city. Understanding these dynamics will help regional planners to develop policies and plans to safeguard the ecology of rural landscapes and promote sound urban planning. This research primarily uses theory and methodology landscape ecology to analyze land use dynamics in the study area. 2. Urbanization in Turkey In Turkey, the urbanization rate is higher than in other developing countries, particularly since the 1950s. Between 1960 and 2022, the total population increased from million to 44 million, and the proportion of people living in urban areas increased from % to 65%. Industrialization has played a major role in the development of Turkish cities, particularly given the migration triggered by industrialization. Although agriculture accounts for 40% of employment in Turkey, its share in overall ine has fallen progressively, declining from almost 50% of GNP in 1950 to 13% of GNP in 2022. The relatively poor showing of the agricultural sector reflected, in part, government policies that had made rapid industrialization a national priority. Additional factors such as advances in the transportation work have also contributed to these changes. Moreover, Turkish citizens who have lived in other countries generally prefer to live in cities after they return to Turkey. Turkey’s national policy towards ur