【正文】 ra ique 與 grand opera之間 . 6. Faust by Charles Gounod (18181893) a. This lyric opera was the most frequently performed opera in Europe and the Americas in the last third of the nieenth century. b. It was first performed as an op233。s antiSemitic writings also found followers, including the Nazis in Germany. A. Lyric opera 抒情歌劇 1. 從 op233。 the actors move and gesture at specific moments in the music. 2. A climax is reached at measure 102 with a deceptive cadence. 3. A new melody begins in the violas at measure 103, joined by the voices calling to each other. 4. Following interruptions from the sailors and Brang228。tterd228。nder (漂泊的荷蘭人 , 1843) a. A Romantic opera in the tradition of Weber,故事採自日爾曼傳奇 . b. Wagner 自己寫劇本 . c. Themes from one of the vocal ballads appear in the overture and recur throughout the opera, functioning like reminiscence motives. 1. Tannh228。 with coda. b. Violetta voices her desperation, and Alfredo tries to calm her. c. The coda builds to a climax of despair. A. Middleperiod operas 1. Verdi wrote only six new operas in the next two decades. a. The action bees more continuous. b. Solos, ensembles, and choruses are freely bined. c. Harmonies are more daring. d. The orchestra is treated with great originality. 1. Les vepres siciliennes (The Sicilian Vespers, 1855), based on a libretto by Eugene Scribe, is a grand opera inspired by Meyerbeer that blends French and Italian characteristics. 2. Un ballo in maschera (A Masked Ball, 1859) introduces ic roles. 1. Aida (1871) was missioned for the Cairo opera. a. Verdi chose an Egyptian subject, which allowed him to introduce exotic color and spectacle. b. Verdi officially retired after this opera. A. 晚期歌劇 1. 出版商 Ricordi 說服他再寫兩首歌劇 , 以 Arrigo Boito為劇作家 (18421918). 2. Otello (1887) a. 音樂在幕間不間斷 . b. The traditional schemes are still present, but they are arranged in larger sceneplexes. c. 樂團以類似交響樂的方式處理主題 . 1. Falstaff (1893) (see HWM Figure ) a. 喜歌劇登峰造極之作根據(jù) Shakespeare 的 The Merry Wives of Windsor and Henry IV. b. 劇終以所有角色演唱的複格做結(jié) I. Verdi之後的義大利作家 A. Verismo 寫實主義 1. This operatic movement 與文學(xué)的realism平行 . a. 平凡人的生活 , 通常來自較低的社會階級 . b. 故事常描寫殘酷醜陋的事件 . 1. Harps a. Cavalleria rusticana (鄉(xiāng)村騎士 , 1890) by Pietro Mascagni b. I Pagliacci (丑角 , 1892) by Ruggero Leoncavallo Giao Puccini (普契尼 , 18581924) A. Giao Puccini (18581924) 1. Puccini 是 Verdi後最成功的歌劇作家 . 2. Puccini 混合 Verdi的聲樂風(fēng)格與 Wagner的手法 , 包括 leitmotives (see Wagner discussion in section IV below). 3. Manon Lescaut (1893), 第三首歌劇 , 成名之作 . 1. Other major works a. La boh232。attacco (opening section) c. Slow cantabile d. Tempo di mezzo e. Fast cabaletta 1. Verdi focuses on three keys: E major (tempo d39。s Stabat Mater brought current operatic styles into church. 1. A revival of the sixteenthcentury choral style of Palestrina began in the second quarter of the century. a. In the nieenth century, the term a cappella came to mean unacpanied. b. By midcentury, the Church promoted position in the unacpanied style of Palestrina. c. The Cecilian movement, which encouraged a cappella performances of old and new music, centered in Germanspeaking areas. A. Protestant 1. Protestant churches also built on their musical heritage. a. The Berlin Singakaemie performed Bach39。s national features. A. Der Freisch252。ra ique 法國喜歌劇 1. 與大歌劇的不同 a. Op233。raComique 喜歌劇院演出帶有口白的歌劇 . c. The Th233。s call) played by an English horn. d. A galloping allegro that was used as the theme for The Lone Ranger. A. Vincenzo Bellini (貝利尼 18011835) 1. Bellini came into prominence after Rossini retired. 2. He preferred dramas of passion with gripping action. 3. Action was not limited to recitative, but was also built into arias. 4. Bellini posed ten operas, including: a. La Sonnambula (The Sleepwalker, 1831) b. Norma (1831) c. I Puritani (The Puritans, 1835) 1. His style is characterized by long, sweeping, highly embellished, intensely emotional melodies. 2. Casta diva (Chaste Goddess) from Norma (see HWM Example ) a. The form of this scene follows the structure established