【正文】 70首歌劇 , about one hundred songs, several symphonies, and a number of other vocal works. a. Lucia di lammermoor (1835), a serious opera b. La Filled u regiment (The Daughter of the Regiment, 1840), an op233。ra ique c. Don Pasquale (1843), an opera buffa 1. Donizetti39。s melodies captured the sense of a character, situation, or feeling. 2. By averting cadences, he avoided applause until a scene was finished. 3. The music often has a seamless continuity. 4. The mad scene from Lucia di Lammermoor has an unbroken flow of events. Classics of Italian opera 1. Rossini, Bellini, and Donizetti were performed throughout Europe and America. 2. Many of their arias became popular tunes that were known in large segments of society. 3. Several of their operas became permanent classics of the operatic repertoire. I. French Opera A. Opera 是 19世紀(jì)前半法國(guó)最受尊崇的樂種 . 1. Napoleon 只允許三個(gè)劇院演出歌劇 . a. The Op233。ra, (大歌劇院 )which primarily showed tragedies, was the most prestigious. b. The Op233。raComique 喜歌劇院演出帶有口白的歌劇 . c. The Th233。atre Italien 演出義大利歌劇 . 1. Other theaters presented a variety of theatrical works often using music. 2. A new building for the Op233。ra theater was built in 1821 during the Restoration 3. After the July Revolution of 1830, the government continued to subsidize opera. A. Grand opera 1. Grand opera 吸引中產(chǎn)階級(jí) . 2. 壯麗場(chǎng)面與音樂同等重要 . a. 舞臺(tái)機(jī)關(guān)道具 Machinery b. 芭蕾 Ballets c. 合唱 Choruses d. 群眾場(chǎng)面 Crowd scenes 1. The leaders of grand opera were librettist Eugene Scribe and poser Giao Meyerbeer (17911864). 2. Meyerbeer, 日爾曼的猶太人 , 以兩首作品奠定了大歌劇的樣式 : a. Robert le diable (魔鬼 Robert, 1831) b. Les Huguenots (清教徒 , 1836) 1. Les Huguenots (新教徒 ) 為典型的大歌劇 . a. 五幕 Five acts b. 演員眾多 c. 戲劇化的場(chǎng)景雷鳴閃電的效果 d. 16世紀(jì)法國(guó)悲劇故事 e. 集結(jié)合娛樂效果與宏大的歌唱 , 如第二幕結(jié)尾 1. 其他的大歌劇 grand operas a. Guillaume Tell (1829) by Rossini b. La Juive (The Jewess, 1835) by Jacques Hal233。vy c. Don Carlos (1867) by Verdi d. Rienzi (1842) by Wagner 1. Les Troyens (特洛伊人 185658) Berlioz has elements of grand opera and the traditions of Lully. A. Op233。ra ique 法國(guó)喜歌劇 1. 與大歌劇的不同 a. Op233。ra ique 使用口白 . b. 較不誇飾 , 較少歌者 . c. 劇情以喜劇或半嚴(yán)肅的戲劇 . 1. 19世紀(jì)初 , there were two kinds of op233。ra ique, 浪漫劇與喜劇 . A. Ballet 芭蕾 1. Ballet 自 17世紀(jì)起即在法國(guó)流行 . 2. Marie Taglioni introduced a new style called Romantic ballet 3. Ballerinas 身著透明薄紗裙 , 輕鬆靈活的以足尖跳動(dòng) . a. Taglioni introduced the new ballet to Russia, Europe, and North America. Marie Taglioni 1. Composers for Romantic ballet fit the music to the choreography. 2. Giselle (吉賽爾 1841) by Adolphe Adam, one of ballet39。s highlights, uses recurring motives to underscore the progress of the drama. I. German Opera A. General 1. The interaction between music and literature was strong in Germanspeaking regions. 2. Singspiel integrated romantic elements from French opera with the genre39。s national features. A. Der Freisch252。tz (魔彈射手 ) by Carl Maria von Weber (韋伯 17861826) 建立了日爾曼浪漫歌劇 . 1. The opera 是 German Romantic opera的典型 . a. 以一般的平民的關(guān)注與愛情為中心思想 . b. 劇情採(cǎi)自中世紀(jì)歷史傳奇或神話故事 . c. 故事帶有超自然事物 , 自然神秘的背景 . a. Scenes of a humble village and country life are interspersed. b. Mortal characters represent superhuman forces, both good and evil. c. The triumph of good represents a type of religious redemption. d. The musical style draws upon traditions of other countries, but also uses simple, folklike melodies, giving it a distinctly German quality. e. The chromatic harmonies and orchestral color are also distinctive. 1. Wolf39。s Glen scene (NAWM 126) a. The scene is set around midnight at the eerie Wolf39。s Glen (see HWM Figure ). b. The scene incorporates elements of melodrama, a genre of musical theater that bines spoken dialogue with background music. c. While casting seven magic bullets, various terrifying images appear in the dark forest. d. Daring harmonies, a colorful orchestration, and an offstage chorus support the supernatural elements of the plot. a. Rossini39。s Stabat Mater brought current operatic styles into church. 1. A revival of the sixteenthcentury choral style of Palestr