【正文】 Tuthmosis I and II: After driving the Hyksos back, campaigns of conquest as far as Syria and the Euphrates make Egypt a “world power.” Thebes bees the capital and Amun the National God. Temples of Luxor and Karnak, rock tombs at Valley of the Kings. ? Hatsepsut. ? Tuthmosis III and IV. Like Priests and Officials, the military gains influence. ? Amenhotep II and III. Kingdom and culture at peak. ? Amenhotep IV=Akhenaten: Religious and Cultural Revolution. Transfer of Royal residence to Amarna. ? Tutankhaten=Tutankhamun. Transfer of Royal residence to Thebes Amarna Tutankhaten / Tutankhamun The curse of the Mummy! ? Nov. 1922: Howard Carter, financed by Lord Carnavon, discovers the Tomb of Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings on the W. Bank at Luxor. Same day that tomb is opened, Carter’s canary is swallowed by a cobra (godess Wadjet, protector of the Pharaohs!) ? March 1933: novelist Mari Corelli publishes warning that there would be dire consequences for anyone who had entered the sealed tomb. ? April 5 1933: Lord Carnavon dies in Cairo from pneumonia. At the same time the lights go out in Cairo and his dog Susie back in England howls and drops dead instantly! ? Inscription on Anubis shrine reads: “ It is I who hinder the sand from choking the secret chamber. I am for the protection of the deceased.” The reporter adds: “and I will kill all those who cross this threshold into the sacred precincts of the Royal King who lives forever.”… ? Newspapers kill off about 26 people in one decade associate with the tomb. In reality about 6 die and the rest live to old age. Carter himself dies 17 years after the discovery.. New Kingdom (continued) ? 19th Dynasty: – Ramesses I, Seti I – Ramesses II: Great buildings: Karnak, Ramesseum and Abu Simbel ? 20th Dynasty: – Ramesses III: Unrest in DeirelMedinah, village of the royal tomb workers – Ramesses IVX – Ramesses XI: Tomb roberry trials, unrest. Tanis (in the Delta) bees the capital. Thebes under the rule of priests! Third Intermediate Period 1,075650 BC (21st25th Dynasty) ? Kingdom in decline ? Late Period: 664332 (26th30th Dynasty): – Libyan, Ethiopian, Persian rulers in Egypt ? Ptolemaic Period: – Alexander the Great (33230 BC) conquers Egypt and founds Alexandria, the future intellectual center of the Mediterranean – Ptolemaic Kings: Greek rulers from Macedonia, installed by Alexander ? 31030 BC: – Ptolemy IXII – Cleopatra IVI – Temples of Dendera, Esna, Edfu, Kom Ombo, Philae – Cleopatra VII: last Egyptian Quees (actually of Greek nationality). Fire in the library in Alexandria ? Rule of the Romans: 30 BC395 AD Ancient Sudan: The Kingdom of Kush at Mero235。 also maintained relationships w. SubSaharan Africa Prehistory: 7,0003,000 BC ? After changes in the climate, more and more nomadic tribes settle on the banks of Nile. Agriculture and cattle rearing ? 3,000 BC – King Narmer unites the areas of Upper Egypt (Aswan to Cairo) and Lower Egypt (Nile Delta) into one kingdom. Founding of the state, administration, calendar. Invention of a script. Brick tombs in Abydos Egypt: 6,0005,000 BC ? Deteriorating climatic conditions push farmers in SW Asia west into the Nile Valley. ? 5,000 BC: farms established throughout the Nile Valley. Basic floodplain agriculture, benefited from the seasonal flooding of the Nile, which deposited rich nutrients on the soil each year. ? Irrigation in use, but in small scale (individual farmers build small channels to control water flow in and out of their fields) ? Hunting declined in importance, but fishing still significant economic activity. Farming includes primarily barley and wheat. Also herding of sheep, goats and cattle. ? Small villages and homesteads of oval buildings, built of adobe bricks and roofed with reed thatch ? The dead are treated equally and buried with some ceremony (wrapped in linen shrouds and buried with valuable personal items) ? Regional differences in material culture and symbolism suggest that the Nile was divided into 2 separate areas: Lower Egypt (