【正文】 混 凝 土 與 鋼 筋 結(jié) 合 的 結(jié) 構(gòu) 體 系 已 得 到 發(fā) 展 ， 這 種 復(fù) 合 體 系 發(fā) 展 的 一 個(gè) 例 子 是Skidmore,Owingsamp。結(jié)構(gòu)工程師以發(fā)展結(jié)構(gòu)體系為目標(biāo)。鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)體系和鋼結(jié)構(gòu)一樣，內(nèi)在的潛力使得建筑物非常堅(jiān)硬因此不需要附加的強(qiáng)化擺動(dòng)限制。作為新結(jié)構(gòu)體系的創(chuàng)新和發(fā)展的結(jié)果，美國(guó)到處都是50 到 110 層的高層建筑。而地基仍然是建筑物中不可見部分費(fèi)用最大的一部分。在過(guò)去，地基處理不是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的研究項(xiàng)目。若是軟弱土層，加大柱的面積；假如這樣的話，整個(gè)建筑就可采用筏板基礎(chǔ)。均勻沉降不會(huì)如此嚴(yán)重，盡管可能出現(xiàn)危險(xiǎn)狀況，例如墨西哥城的一些建筑，出現(xiàn)各種各樣的后果，在過(guò)去的一年里，地下水位發(fā)生了改變，致使一些建筑下沉了 3 米多。過(guò)一段時(shí)間后，如果加于土層上的荷載大于土自然壓緊狀態(tài)下的重 量，則建筑物不會(huì)產(chǎn)生沉降。最堅(jiān)硬的巖石能夠支撐的荷載大約是每平方米 100噸，而最軟的淤泥僅能夠支撐的荷載大約是每平方米 噸?；A(chǔ)的設(shè)計(jì)取決于土的許多因素，例如土的類型，土分層的情況，土層的厚度和它的密實(shí)度，以及地下水的情況等。提供動(dòng)力的電力線路和電話通訊線路也可能在天花板里或者也可能在樓地面結(jié)構(gòu)層中的管道或?qū)Ь€管里。在一個(gè)辦公大樓中，供暖、通風(fēng)、電力和衛(wèi)生設(shè)備系統(tǒng)的預(yù)算額占實(shí)際建筑總預(yù)算額的 40%，顯示了它們?cè)诮ㄖ械闹匾?。樓蓋的下表面是樓蓋以下空間的最高限度。在鋼框架建筑中，樓地面或者是鋼梁上的混凝土樓板，或者是由波紋鋼配 有混凝土骨料組成的地板。窗戶采用傳統(tǒng)上的玻璃作為材料年，然而塑料也被使用，特別在破損嚴(yán)重和保養(yǎng)難的學(xué)校里。這種圍護(hù)墻有效地構(gòu)成了建筑物的承重墻。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束以后，鋼材的缺乏和混凝土品質(zhì)的改進(jìn)，促進(jìn)了鋼筋混凝 土高層建筑的發(fā)展。外墻成為了“幕墻”而不是被用做支撐結(jié)構(gòu)是框架結(jié)構(gòu)的一個(gè)成果。 2 承重框架 直到 19 世紀(jì)后期，建筑物的外墻被用做承重墻來(lái)支撐樓層，這種結(jié)構(gòu)是基本的一種過(guò)梁類型，它還被用在框架結(jié)構(gòu)房屋中。他的設(shè)計(jì)是為 1889 年的巴黎國(guó)際博覽會(huì)所設(shè)計(jì)的理想的建筑，表達(dá)了鋼結(jié) 構(gòu)的輕巧。高于地面的部分是建筑物的上部結(jié)構(gòu)，地面以下部分為建筑物的基礎(chǔ)和地基。 畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)） 外文翻譯 1 Components of A Building and Tall Buildings 1. Abstract Materials and structural forms are bined to make up the various parts of a building, including the loadcarrying frame, skin, floors, and partitions. The building also has mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevators, heating and cooling systems, and lighting systems. The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation is that part of a building below ground. The skyscraper owes its existence to two developments of the 19th century: steel skeleton construction and the passenger elevator. Steel as a construction material dates from the introduction of the Bessemer converter in Eiffel (18321932) introduced steel construction in France. His designs for the Galerie des Machines and the Tower for the Paris Exposition of 1889 expressed the lightness of the steel framework. The Eiffel Tower, 984 feet (300 meters) high, was the tallest structure built by man and was not surpassed until 40 years later by a series of American skyscrapers. Elisha Otis installed the first elevator in a department store in New York in 1889, Eiffel installed the first elevators on a grand scale in the Eiffel Tower, whose hydraulic elevators could transport 2,350 passengers to the summit every hour. 2. LoadCarrying Frame Until the late 19th century, the exterior walls of a building were used as bearing walls to support the floors. This construction is essentially a post and lintel type, and it is still used in frame construction for houses. Bearingwall construction limited the height of building because of the enormous wall thickness required； for instance, the 16story Monadnock Building built in the 1880’s in Chicago had walls 5 feet ( meters) thick at the lower floors. In 1883, William Le Baron Jenney (18321907) supported floors on castiron columns to form a cagelike construction. Skeleton construction, consisting of steel beams and columns, was first used in 1889. As a consequence of skeleton construction, the enclosing walls bee a “curtain wall” rather than serving a supporting function. Masonry was the curtain wall material until the 1930’s, when light metal and glass curtain walls were used. After the introduction of buildings continued to increase rapidly. All tall buildings were built with a skeleton of steel until World War Ⅱ . After the war, the shortage of steel and