【正文】 汽車車主和國家授權(quán)機(jī)構(gòu)要求一個(gè)人要有一定的汽車保險(xiǎn)水平。工具必須在一定程度上對(duì)進(jìn)行長遠(yuǎn)規(guī)劃限制必要的精力和時(shí)間。相比之下，目前建議的做法是基于未來的凈資產(chǎn)的最大化為短期提供工具。 對(duì)短期的聚焦代表了財(cái)務(wù)管理教育的基本理念從重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)長期目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)上到短期工具的逆轉(zhuǎn)。 對(duì) 財(cái)務(wù)管理人才的啟示 顯然，從七名來自中西部的小社區(qū)家庭得來調(diào)查結(jié)果，要求在為期四年中定期提供家庭現(xiàn)金流管理的做法的圖片。 財(cái)務(wù)管理者表示，他們?cè)黾铀麄兊膫鶆?wù)數(shù)額的原因有兩個(gè)。財(cái)務(wù)經(jīng)理們知道其他信 貸替代品，并且當(dāng)他它們的回報(bào)價(jià)值高于帶來的額外不便時(shí)使用它們。債務(wù)的支付是他們必須實(shí)現(xiàn)的，而儲(chǔ)蓄是可選的。所有被調(diào)查者認(rèn)為 ，它們是控制家庭的債務(wù)負(fù)擔(dān)。相反，即使不經(jīng)常發(fā)生，他們希望每次投入大量資金，但是在過程中他們會(huì)失去興趣。這不是重點(diǎn)，重點(diǎn)是對(duì)賬單。但是，這七個(gè)財(cái)務(wù)管理者全部集中在短期內(nèi)（一到兩次薪水前）關(guān)于一個(gè)主要的關(guān)注點(diǎn)：保持當(dāng)前票據(jù)支付。報(bào)告人或者沒有時(shí)間或不想花時(shí)間去實(shí)施這些做法。 第三，至少從表面上看，財(cái)務(wù)管理從業(yè)人員的建議與家庭理財(cái)人員實(shí)際上的處理有很大不同。家庭理財(cái)人員很少討論長期的現(xiàn)金流管理問題。在被問及長期的問題時(shí)，家庭理財(cái)人員的回應(yīng)是以短期安全為重點(diǎn)。 結(jié)論 四項(xiàng)主要結(jié)論可以得出有關(guān)本研究的七個(gè)家庭的管理實(shí)踐。在之前和之后的錄音談話中，報(bào)告人都會(huì)詢問研究的目的?！? 只有諾拉感覺：“我們正在節(jié)節(jié)敗退。諾拉說，她覺得“很幸運(yùn)。另一部分安全是報(bào)告人關(guān)于“浮動(dòng)”期間，或從寫支票時(shí)，直到它實(shí)際上是從自己的賬戶中扣除時(shí)間的知識(shí)。安全意味著 “有資金用于支付當(dāng)前的賬單”、“如果得到資金緊張時(shí)提供保護(hù)”和“避免透支。該信息的使用是根據(jù)信托的財(cái)務(wù)經(jīng)理的來源而定。報(bào)告人說：“我們聽到”、“大家都說，”或“我讀了它的地方。信用卡是方便，因?yàn)樗鼈兪牵海?1）計(jì)算與收入相匹配的需求的工具，（ 2）“最簡單的方式來支付他們 [演唱會(huì)門票 ]，”和（ 3）有利于“ 出門在外 ”。報(bào)告人設(shè)立程序，比如使用“每月結(jié)算”的保險(xiǎn)公司、每月支付相同金額在信用卡賬單上、每星期花費(fèi)相同金額購買雜貨。家庭理財(cái)人員不斷尋找辦法，使現(xiàn)金流管理更加容易?！? 她接著說，“儲(chǔ)蓄是人們感興趣的東西，但在現(xiàn)實(shí)中 ，人們要享受他們所擁有的一切。雖然很少明確表示，時(shí)間取向顯然是對(duì)報(bào)告人的考慮。本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)） 外 文 翻 譯 原文 ： An InDepth Look at Family CashFlow Management Practices Time orientation. Although rarely stated explicitly, time orientation clearly is a consideration for the informants. All the informants are focused on shortterm safety. They offered little thought of longterm planning in their ments other than some nonspecific goals. Lorrie indicated her time orientation when she talked about “savings being important,” but not important enough to cut “their current life style.” She went on, “Saving is something people are interested in, but in reality, people want to enjoy what they have right now.” Each manager’s focus was on the short term (“Does the proposed expense fit?”). Longterm issues were not typically included in the manager’s perspective, with Angie and Bob being the exceptions. Ease and convenience. Managers constantly looked for ways to make cashflow management easier. Sam, Lorrie, Sandy, and Nora all remarked that the practices remended by textbooks and promoted in the popular press are neither easy nor convenient. Ease is a reason for visual clues and automatic bill payments. Another tool is the development of routines to help minimize planning that, in turn, minimizes the mitment of mental resources. Informants established routines such as using insurance panies who “billed every month,” paid the “same amount every month” on credit card bills and spent “the same on groceries each week. Some of the informants indicated that consistent paychecks helped. The most frustrating change when Karl took his new job, according to Sandy, was not the decrease in pay but that, when he went to an hourly position, his takehome pay varied each pay period, making planning more difficult. Other ease and convenience factors included selecting a bank by location and “readability of statements” for Gary. Credit cards are convenient because they are: (1) a tool to match demands with ine, (2) “the easiest way to pay for them [concert tickets],” and (3) useful “when out of town.” Automatic transfers from savings to checking prevent overdrafts. Sam admitted to keeping small checking accounts open “because if I have to borrow money, I can borrow from these places in a hurry.” Ease and convenience also arose when questioning how and where the informants gathered financial information. Informants said, “we heard,” “everyone says,” or “I read it somewhe