【正文】
在一些單片機(jī)中采用內(nèi)部瑣相環(huán)技術(shù),則在外部時(shí)鐘較低時(shí),也能產(chǎn)生較高的內(nèi)部總線速度,從而保證了速度又降低了噪聲。其它公司: AMD, Fujitsu,NEC , Infineon, Hitachi, Ateml, Tosbiba 等基本上可達(dá) 8~ 20mA 的水平。這樣,就使電源噪聲穿過整塊芯片,對(duì)單片機(jī)的內(nèi)部電路造成干擾。近年來,單片機(jī)的生產(chǎn)廠家在單片機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)上采用了各種提高可靠性的新技術(shù),這些 新技術(shù)表現(xiàn)在如下幾點(diǎn): EFT( Ellectrical Fast Transient)技術(shù) EFT 技術(shù)是一種抗干擾技術(shù),它是指在振蕩電路的正弦信號(hào)受到外界干擾時(shí),其波形上會(huì)迭加各種毛刺信號(hào),如果使用施密特電路對(duì)其整形,則毛刺會(huì)成為觸發(fā)信號(hào)干擾正常的時(shí)鐘,在交替使用施密特電路和 RC 濾波電路時(shí),就可以消除這些毛否則令其作用失效,從而保證系統(tǒng)的時(shí)鐘信號(hào)正常工作。該公司已把 emWare 的 EMIT 軟件包和有關(guān)的軟件配套集成,形成一個(gè)集成開發(fā)環(huán)境,向用戶提供開發(fā)方便。 如果嵌入式設(shè)備的資源足夠,則 emMicro 和 emGateway 可以同時(shí)裝入嵌入式設(shè)備中,實(shí)現(xiàn) Inter 的直接接入。 EmWare 公司提出嵌入式系統(tǒng)入網(wǎng)的方案 EMIT 技術(shù)。要實(shí)現(xiàn)嵌入式設(shè)備和 Int er 連接,就需要把傳統(tǒng)的 Inter 理論和嵌入式設(shè)備的實(shí)踐都顛倒過來。 三 以單片機(jī)為核心的嵌入式系統(tǒng) 單片機(jī)的另外一個(gè)名稱就是嵌入式微控制器,原因在于它可以嵌入到任何微型或小型儀器或設(shè)備中。這些單片機(jī)有Fujitsu 公司的 MB89191~ 89195, MB89121~ 125A, MB89130 系列等,應(yīng)該說該公司的 F2MC8L 系列單片機(jī)絕大多數(shù)都滿足 ~ 6V 的工作電壓條件。它含有 ~ 2K 程序存儲(chǔ)器, 25~ 128 字節(jié)數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器, 6 個(gè) I/O 端口以及一個(gè)定時(shí)器,有的還含 4 道 A/D ,完全可以滿足一些低檔系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用。在 LPM4 時(shí), CPU、外圍及振蕩器 32kHz 都不活動(dòng),則功耗只有 ?A。而在功耗上最令人驚嘆的是 TI 公司的單片 8 機(jī) MSP430 系列,它是一個(gè) 16 位的系列,有超低功耗工作方式。這種單片機(jī)最典型的有 Infineon 公司的 TC10GP; Hitachi 公司的 SH7410, SH7612 等 。這種單片機(jī)的最大特點(diǎn)在于把 DSP 和微控制器同時(shí)做在一個(gè)片上。在這些單片機(jī)中,脈寬調(diào)制電路有 6 個(gè)通道輸出,可產(chǎn)生三相脈寬調(diào)制交流電壓,并內(nèi)部含死區(qū)控制等功能。因此,這類單片機(jī)十分容易構(gòu)成網(wǎng)絡(luò)。 內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的進(jìn)步 單片機(jī)在內(nèi)部已集成了越來越多的部件,這些部件包括一般常用的電路,例如:定時(shí)器,比較器, A/D 轉(zhuǎn)換器, D /A 轉(zhuǎn)換器,串行通信接口, Watchdog 電路, LCD 控制器等。 二 數(shù)字單片機(jī)的技術(shù)發(fā)展 數(shù)字單片機(jī)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步反映在內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)、功率消耗、外部電壓等級(jí)以及制造工藝上。所以 C8051 為核心的單片機(jī)占據(jù)了半壁江山。甚至單片機(jī)廠商還可以根據(jù)用戶的要求量身定做,制造出具有自己特色的單片機(jī)芯片。 縱觀單片機(jī)的發(fā)展過程,可以預(yù)示單片機(jī)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì),大致有: CMOS 化 MCS51系列的 8031推出時(shí)的功耗達(dá) 630mW,而現(xiàn)在的單片機(jī)普遍都在 100mW左右,隨著對(duì)單片機(jī)功耗要求越來越低,現(xiàn)在的各個(gè)單片機(jī)制造商基本都采用了CMOS(互補(bǔ)金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體工藝 )。s MC68HC08 family of single chip on the use of this technology. Lownoise cabling technology and drive technology In a traditional singlechip, the power and ground wire in the integrated circuit pin symmetric shell, the general is in the upper left, lower right or upper right, lower left of the two pairs of symmetric points. In this way, so that power supply noise on the chip through the block of singlechip interference caused by the internal circuit. Now, put a lot of singlechip power pin arrangement and the two adjacent pins. In this way, not only reduces the current through the entire chip, while still easy to layout printed circuit board decoupling capacitor, thus reducing system noise. Now in order to meet the needs of a wide range of applications, many singlechip output capacity has been greatly improved, Motorola39。s family of operating voltage is as low as 39。s SH7410, SH7612 and so on. These are highend singlechip singlechip, MCU is 32 and the DSP 16 or 32bit structure, the frequency of 60MHz or more generally. 2, power consumption, packaging and power supply voltage of the progress Now the new singlechip power consumption is getting smaller and smaller, especially the many singlechip are a variety of work settings, which include waiting, suspended, sleep, idle, powersaving mode and so on. P87LPC762 singlechip pany Philips is a very typical example, in idle, the power consumption is mA, while in powersaving mode, the power consumption is only . In the most amazing power is TI39。 Motorola39。s C 505C, C515C, C167CR, C167CS32FM, 81C90。s Winbond Series Single machine. Therefore, singlechip microputer as the core C8051 occupied the half. Microchip39。 1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF SINGLECHIP First the development trend of singlechip It can be said now is a singlechip opinions of the period, the world39。s PIC and reduced instruction set (RISC) has a strong development momentum of China Taiwan HOLTEK singlechip panies in recent years, increasing production, with its high quality lowcost advantages, to occupy a certain market share. MOTOROLA addition to the pany39。 Motorola39。s MC68HC08MR16, MR24 and so on. In these singlechip, the pulse width modulation circuit 6channel output, can produce threephase PWM AC voltage, and internal control with deadzone function. Of particular note are: It is now some have adopted the socalled singlechip trinuclear (TrCore) structure. This is a systemlevel chips built on the (System on a chip)