【正文】 fusedbyKelly’seasygoingattitudetowardtheevening’splans.Comingfromahighuncertaintyavoidantculture,Keikowouldprefertoplanaheadtoavoiduncertaintyandprepareherscriptfortheevening.Kelly,ontheotherhand,isperfectlyfortablemakingplansbasedonhowtheeveningprogresses.Withoutaplan,howwillKeikoknowhowtoact? Chapter8CulturalInfluencesonContexts Keywords Communicationisnotdevoidofexternalinfluence:allhumaninteractionisinfluencedtosomedegreebythesocial,physical,andculturalsettingsinwhichitoccurs.Thisisknownasthemunicationcontext.（交際無(wú)法脫離外部環(huán)境的影響：所有的人類(lèi)交際都或多或少受到社會(huì)、物理和文化場(chǎng)景的影響。這些場(chǎng)景被稱(chēng)為交際語(yǔ)境。） Case48:GiftfromaChinese Chinesepeoplelovegivinggifts.Usually,thevalueofthegiftisanindicationofhowimportantthereceiverisinthesender’seyes.Mostpeoplegivinggiftsareconcernedaboutwhetherthegiftwillbeseenasvaluableenough.Aninexpensivegiftmeansalossofmayhaveapracticalreasoningivingtheginsengtohismanager,butmostChinesewilltakeitassomethingusualforasubordinatetodothistoamanageroutofasignofAmericanpaniesdooccasionallyreceivegiftsoutofappreciationforthefriendshipandassistancethemanagermayprovide.Suchgiftsaretreasured。however,thevalueusuallyisfairlysmall,abottleofwine,amusicCD,asmallbook,orothertokens. Case50:RefusetoBeTreated? Inthecasejustdescribed,the.Americanmedicalteamsystemformakingsenseofthesituationdemandedthatpeoplebeseeninorderoftheseriousnessoftheirinjuriesorillness.Eachpersonwasconsideredasworthwhileasthenext,andsoseriousnessofinjuryappearedtobeanaturalwaytodeterminewhowasseenfirst.However,theculturalsystemworkingforthoseontheVirginIslandsdemandedthateldersbeseenandtreatedfirst.Theirposition,age,andwisdomdemandedrespect.Foryoungermembersofthemunitytogoaheadoftheminatimeofcrisiswasseenasextremelyconflictcenteredoneffortsbyeachsidetodowhattheyperceivedasgoodandmorallyresponsible.Becausethe.Americanswereinabetterpositiontoadaptthananentiremunitythathadjustsufferedgreatlossandwereunderextremestress,itwasgoodthattheywerewillingtodoso.Sadly,thisisnotalwaysthecase. Chapter9InterculturalAdaptation Keywords （1）Acculturation：Itreferstoanindividual’slearningandadaptingtothenormsandvaluesofthenewhostculture.（文化適應(yīng)：文化適應(yīng)指人們學(xué)習(xí)和適應(yīng)新文化的社會(huì)規(guī)范和價(jià)值觀念的過(guò)程。） （2）Assimilation：Itisaprocessinwhichmembersofanethnicgroupareabsorbedintothedominantculture,losingtheircultureintheprocess.(同化：同化指一個(gè)民族群體的人們逐漸失去自己原有的文化，接受新的主流文化的過(guò)程。) （3）Integration:Ittakesplacewhensomepeopledesireahighlevelofinteractionwiththehostculturewhilemaintainingidentitywiththeirnativeculture.Thiskindofacculturationiscalledintegration.(文化融合：文化融合指人們?cè)谖幕m應(yīng)過(guò)程中高度接受新的主流文化，同時(shí)又保留了自己文化的完整性)。 （4）Separation：Whenindividualspreferlowlevelsofinteractionwiththehostcultureandassociatedmicroculturalgroupswhiledesiringacloseconnectionwith,andreaffirmationof,theirnativeculture,themodeofacculturationiscalledseparation.（分離：分離指人們?cè)谖幕m應(yīng)過(guò)程中對(duì)自己原有文化進(jìn)行重新肯定認(rèn)同、保留了原有文化，對(duì)新的主流文化及與其相關(guān)的微觀文化不接受不認(rèn)可）。 （5）Segregation：Itoccurswhenthemorepoliticallyandeconomicallypowerfulculturedoesnotwanttheinterculturalcontact,theseparationisinitiatedandenforcedbythedominantsociety.（隔離：隔離當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治上更強(qiáng)大的新主流文化不接受人們與它進(jìn)行文化接觸，人們就會(huì)被這種文化隔離在外。） （6）Marginalization：Itoccurswhentheindividualchoosesnottoidentifywithhisorhernativecultureorwiththehostculture.(邊緣化：邊緣化指人們不僅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且無(wú)法融入新的主流文化。) （7）Cultureshock:Itreferstothetraumaticexperiencethatanindividualmayencounterwhenenteringadifferentculture.（文化沖擊/文化休克：文化沖擊/文化休克指人們?cè)谶M(jìn)入一種新文化環(huán)境中遭遇的痛苦和難忘的經(jīng)歷。） （8）Interculturaladaptation:Itrefersbroadlytotheprocessofincreasingourleveloffitnesstomeetthedemandsofanewculturalenvironment.(跨文化適應(yīng)：跨文化適應(yīng)指人們不斷提高自己的適應(yīng)能力，以期達(dá)到新文化環(huán)境的需要。) Case54:AFishoutofWater Thiscasereflectsthattheboyisexperiencingcultureshock,whichmaybringhimsomepsychologicalsymptoms.Cultureshockisvirtuallyamunicationproblemwhichinvolvesthedepressedfeelingsacpanyingalackofunderstandingoftheverbalandnonverbalmunicationofthehostculture,itscustoms,aswellasitsvaluesystems.Cultureshockhappenswhenpeoplehavetodealwithahugeamountofnewperceptualstimulithataredifficulttounderstandandinterpretbecausetheculturalcontexthaschanged.Inthiscase,whentheAmericanstudentfeelsthathisfamiliarcuesfromhisnativecultureisremoved,hebeestorejectthenewenvironmentandhedisplayssomepsychologicalsymptomsduetocultureshock. Case55:MissingChina! Thiscasecanreflectreversecultureshock.Whenpeoplereturnhomeafteranextendedstayinaforeignculture,theyexperienceanotherroundofcultureshockintheirnativecultureandtheymustproceedthroughthefourstagesoftheUcurvepatternonceagain.Inthiscase,John,whoseesfromCanada,hasbeenlivinginChinaforquitealongtimeandhehasgotfamiliarwiththeChineseculture.Therefore,whenhereturnstoCanada,hecannotadaptwelltohisnativeculture.此資料由網(wǎng)絡(luò)收集而來(lái)，如有侵權(quán)請(qǐng)告知上傳者立即刪除。資料共分享，我們負(fù)責(zé)傳遞知識(shí)