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riousindustrial工業(yè)的,產(chǎn)業(yè)的。如:Italy is being an industrial nation.(意大利逐步成為工業(yè)國(guó)。)industrious勤勞的,勤奮的。如:He is an industrious student.(他是個(gè)用功的學(xué)生。)7influence, effect都有“影響”之意。influence可作動(dòng)詞、名詞,指對(duì)某人的思想行為、性格等產(chǎn)生影響。如:She was influenced by her middle school teachers.(她受中學(xué)時(shí)的老師影響。)effect用作動(dòng)詞意為“造成”,“產(chǎn)生”,用作名詞強(qiáng)調(diào)由于影響而產(chǎn)生特殊效果。如:The effects of the medicine are very good.(藥效很好。)7last, latest, final, ultimate last最后的,與first相對(duì),還可指“上一次的”。如:My seat is in the last ,指時(shí)間上。如:the latest news(最新消息)final最后的,指在一系列的事物中是最后的,而且是結(jié)論性的,決定性的。如:The judgment has bee final.(這已是最后的判斷。)ultimate最終的,最后的,用于正式場(chǎng)合,含有最高的和最有權(quán)威的結(jié)果。如:He never considered the ultimate result of his action.(他從未考慮其行為的后果。)80、late。lately。later。latest late可作形容詞或副詞,意為“遲(的);晚(的)”。如:He often es late for school.他上學(xué)常遲到。They were late for the film.他們看電影遲到了。lately是副詞,意為“最近;近來”相當(dāng)于recently,常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。如:I haven’t heard from him lately.我最近沒收到他的來信。later為late的比較級(jí),意為“較遲的(地)”。另外,還可用作副詞,意為“后來”。如:He goes home later than anybody.他回家比誰(shuí)都晚。See you later.回頭見。latest為late的最高級(jí),意為“最遲的(地)”;也相當(dāng)于newest,意為“最新的”。如:I go to bed latest in the family.我是家里睡覺最遲的。Here is the latest news from a broad.下面是來自國(guó)外的最新消息。8lie, lay lie(,說謊)和lay(放置)兩者無(wú)論在意義上還是在詞性上都有很大的差別。值得注意的是他們常常由于過去式、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞形式的異同而引起誤用。試比較:原形 過去式 過去分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞lie(躺)lay lain lyinglie(說謊)lied lied lying lay(放置)laid laid laying例如: lay down to take a laid his hand on my 、literal, literary, literateliteral文字上的,字面的。如:a literal interpretation of a passage(對(duì)一段文章的字面解釋)literary文學(xué)的。如:literary works(文學(xué)作品)literary有文化的(反義詞是illiterate),如:people applying for the job should be puter literate.(申請(qǐng)這份工作的人應(yīng)會(huì)使用電腦。)8much, very都可表示“很”。much用來修飾動(dòng)詞意義很強(qiáng)的過去分詞;very一般修飾形容詞或已失去動(dòng)作意義的過去分詞。一些只作表語(yǔ)的形容詞,一般多用much修飾。very much是much的加強(qiáng)語(yǔ),因此,能用much的地方,都能用very much。修飾形容詞原級(jí)用very,修飾比較級(jí)用much。much可修飾名詞,very不能。8occur/happen/takeplace/break out均表示“發(fā)生”。以上各詞均是不及物動(dòng)詞,因此不可接賓語(yǔ)。但可以用作: to to sb。但兩者的意思有所不同,sth occur to occurs to sb that…的意思是“某人想到了…例如:The possibility that she might be wrong never occurred to ’t it occur to you that your husband might be late?happen to的意思是“某人遇到/被卷入…”例如:A traffic accident happened to Tomlast strange thing happened to me on my way home :英語(yǔ)中表示出現(xiàn)的詞,如:appear, emerge, turn up, show up等也都是不及物動(dòng)詞,而在漢語(yǔ)中,表示上述兩種意思的詞有時(shí)候可以跟賓語(yǔ),而英語(yǔ)中是不可以的。例如:我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了很大變化。譯文:Many changes have taken place in my the way, in the wayon the way在前往…的路上,in the way擋路The chair is in the 、one another;each other兩者均表示“互相;彼此”,為代詞,僅作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ),不作其它成分。兩者雖可換用,但each other多用于兩者之間的關(guān)系,one another多用于三者或三者以上之間的情況。例如:We both see each other at the office every day.我們倆每天在辦公室碰面。The six blind men couldn’t agree with one another.這六個(gè)瞎子各執(zhí)己見。They hate each other/one another.他們互相憎恨。8out of question, out of thequestionout of question毫無(wú)疑問的,out of the question不可能的8persist, insistpersist堅(jiān)持,后面常接介詞in。如:He persisted in carrying on his work in spite of great fatigue.(他雖然疲倦極了,可仍堅(jiān)持工作。)insist堅(jiān)持,后面接介詞on,也可直接連用that引導(dǎo)的名詞從句。如:He insisted on my going there with him.(He insisted that I should go there with him.)8persuade do sth.;advise do sth.; try to persuade sb.to do sth.persuade sb.to do sth.意為“說服某人干某事”,其結(jié)果是成功的(即成功地說服某人干某事)。如: Tom persuaded his father to give up smoking at last.湯姆終于說服他父親戒煙了。advise sb.to do sth.意為“勸說某人干某事”,其結(jié)果可能是勞而無(wú)功(即“說”而未“服”)。如:She advised her parents to give up smoking, but they wouldn’t listen.她勸她的父母戒煙,但他們不愿聽。try to persuade sb.to do sth.意為“盡力說服某人干某事”,相當(dāng)于advise sb.to do sth。如:I tried to persuade him to continue his study, but I failed.我盡力勸他繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí),但沒有成功。8prefer…to…;prefer to… rather than…兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)均可作“喜歡……而不喜歡……”或“寧愿……而不愿……”解,其后均可接名詞。例如:I prefer volleyball to basketball(=I prefer to volleyball rather than basketball).我喜歡排球而不喜歡籃球。主要區(qū)別在于:prefer…to…之后接動(dòng)詞時(shí),均用ing形式。例如:He prefers walking to cycling.他寧愿步行而不愿騎自行車。而prefer to…rather than…之后接動(dòng)詞時(shí),均要用動(dòng)詞原形。例如:Liu Hulan preferred to die rather than surrender before the enemy.劉胡蘭在敵人面前寧死不屈。Xiao Wu prefers to work rather than sit idle.小吳喜歡工作而不喜歡閑坐。90、preserve, conserve, reserve preserve堅(jiān)持,后面常接介詞in。如:The ship is equipped with special refrigerating devices to preserve food for the whole voyage.(船上設(shè)有特殊冷藏設(shè)備,在整個(gè)航程中保存食物。)conserve保存,儲(chǔ)藏,強(qiáng)調(diào)采取措施精心保護(hù)某物,防止不必要的浪費(fèi),損失或變化。如:He is conserving his energy for the last twentymeter dash.(他正在為最后20米沖刺保存實(shí)力。)reserve留存(在資金,人力,原料等),保留(權(quán)力等)。如:Reserve enough money for your home fare.(留足你回家的路費(fèi)。)9probable, possible, likelyprobable很可能的,大概的,語(yǔ)氣較possible強(qiáng)。如:It is probable that the cost will be greater than we think.(花費(fèi)很可能比我們料想的要多。)possible強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀上可能性,但常帶有“實(shí)際可能性很小”的暗示。如:It’s possible, though not probable, that he will accept these terms.(他有可能接受這些條件,但希望很小。)likely暗示從表面跡象來判斷“有可能的”。如:It is likely that he will e.(他多半會(huì)來。)9realize/recognize/identifyrealize的意思是“認(rèn)識(shí)到,實(shí)現(xiàn)”。recognize的意思是“認(rèn)出”。identify的意思是“辨認(rèn)”。例如:Does he realize his error yet?We must work hard to realize the recognized his long lost brother at a recognized his voice through telephone though we have not seen for many you identify your own baggage among the hundreds of others?9respectable, respected,respectful, respective 都是形容詞。respectable可尊敬的,值得尊重的。如:His parents were poor but respectable.(他父母雖窮卻令人尊敬。)respected表示受人尊敬的,可用于對(duì)年長(zhǎng)的人,權(quán)威性的意見等。respectful指“充滿敬意的”,是主動(dòng)性的尊重他人。如:The students were very respectful towards the great man.(這些學(xué)生對(duì)這位偉人十分敬仰。)respective表“各自分別的”,修飾名詞時(shí),名詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如:They went back to their respective houses.(他們回了各自的家。)9say, speak, talk, tellsay著重所說的話,可用作及物動(dòng)詞,帶賓語(yǔ)從句。Speak著重開口發(fā)聲,不著重所說的內(nèi)容,一般作不及物動(dòng)詞,用作及物動(dòng)詞,賓語(yǔ)只能是某種語(yǔ)言等少數(shù)幾個(gè)名詞,不能接that從句。Talk表示通過談話方式交換意見、思想、消息等,一般只作不及物動(dòng)詞。Tell表示告訴,有時(shí)兼含“囑咐”,“命令”等。Tell the truth說真話,tell a lie說謊,tell a story講故事等為固定搭配。Tell是及物動(dòng)詞,但其后不跟that從句。9senseless, sensible, sensitivesenseless愚蠢的(常作定語(yǔ));無(wú)知覺的(常作表語(yǔ))。Sensible懂事的,明智的。如:He is a sensible child.(他是個(gè)懂事的孩子。)Sensitive有感覺的,敏感的。如:Eyes are very sensitive to light.(眼睛對(duì)光敏感。)9so,such(1)so修飾形容詞或副詞。such修飾名詞,例如,My brother runs so fast that I can’t follow 。He is such a 。(2)so修飾的形容詞后可以有一個(gè)單數(shù)的可數(shù)名詞,其結(jié)構(gòu)是“so+形容詞+a/an+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)”.such可以修飾可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞,名詞前可以有形容詞作定語(yǔ),其結(jié)構(gòu)是“such+a/an+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)”,“such+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)