【導(dǎo)讀】重慶大學(xué)本科學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）附件：目錄。學(xué)院土木工程學(xué)院。指導(dǎo)教師姓名、職稱。下發(fā)日期2021年3月6日。1．根據(jù)房屋基本情況確定結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計基本參數(shù)。選取計算框架并確定該榀框架在各種作用下的計算簡圖?？刂平孛鎯?nèi)力計算、內(nèi)力組合、抗震組合內(nèi)力級差調(diào)整。使用中國建筑科學(xué)研究院研制的PMCAD建立結(jié)構(gòu)整體計算模型，對標(biāo)準(zhǔn)層及屋面層。用PK對手算框架進(jìn)行建模分析，對比分析手算結(jié)果和PK結(jié)果；1．確定施工方案。①依據(jù)建筑方案及結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計任務(wù)書提供的資。⑤整理完成文獻(xiàn)綜述，譯文和開題報告。周）②梁、柱截面配筋，節(jié)點核心區(qū)抗震承載力驗。觀規(guī)律和程度，并采取有效的方法保證結(jié)構(gòu)的安全的使用，那么，結(jié)構(gòu)的加固將成。為一項重要的工作?；炷两Y(jié)構(gòu)的加固分為直接加固與間接加固兩類，設(shè)計時可根據(jù)實際條件和。在鋼筋混凝土受彎構(gòu)件受壓區(qū)加混凝土現(xiàn)澆層，可增加截面有效高度，擴大。部分和原構(gòu)件共同工作，可有效地提高構(gòu)件承載力，改善正常使用性能。

　　

【正文】 es. In addition, concrete itself is quite brittle and requires extensive amounts of reinforcing steel to perform properly in earthquakes. Most concrete structures designed prior to the mid1970s do not have adequate reinforcing steel to ensure good performance. Termed nonductile concrete structures by engineers, these structures have collapsed in past earthquakes. The Cypress Viaduct structure that dramatically collapsed was a nonductile concrete structure. Fortunately, there are relatively few nonductile concrete buildings in the region and no buildings of this type collapsed. Many midrise concrete structures did experience extensive damage, however. Damage typically consisted of large diagonal cracking of shear walls, occasionally acpanied by spalling of large pieces of concrete from the building A fifteenstory concrete shearwall structure in downtown Oakland was extensively damaged. The lightweight concrete shear walls at the first story literally shattered, exposing the reinforcing steel to view. The presence of a redundant steel frame within the building may have prevented the collapse of this structure. A sixstory concrete shearwall building in San Francisco also experienced substantial damage. This building had recently been seismically strengthened with the addition of steel braces on the building perimeter. Due to poor design and construction workmanship, the attachment of the braces to the building was inadequate and most of the bolts failed. Building deflections following failure of the bracing caused an interior column to punch through a floor slab. Extensive damage to shear walls above door openings also occurred. Tiltup Buildings 28 Concrete tiltup buildings are the most mon form of modern lowrise industrial and mercial construction throughout California. They usually are constructed with plywood sheathed woodframe roofs supported by perimeter concrete walls. They are called tiltups because the perimeter walls are constructed lying flat against the floor slab and then tiltedup into position around the building. Extensive damage to these buildings has been observed in past earthquakes, including the 1987 Whittier and 1971 San Fernando events. Thousands of tiltup buildings are present in the affected region. Although some significant damage was experienced near the epicenter, the greatest concentrations of these buildings are located in areas that experienced very weak ground motion. Most of these buildings therefore had little damage. Several buildings in Hollister were investigated. Several tiltup building partially collapsed as the result of inventories of stacked cans containing tomato product impacting the walls during the earthquake. Damage was extensive. Much of the inventory was lost or severely damaged. This underscores the importance of addressing seismic issues relating to equipment and contents, as well as structural designThe buildings appeared to be late 1960s or early 1970s vintage and as such were observed not to have rooftowall anchors. These anchors were required following collapses of tiltups during the San Fernando Earthquake in 1971. Much of the roof of a half of one building occupied by the adjacent tenant also collapsed, causing extensive interior damage In Watsonville, several panels of a large tiltup owned by a food packager bowed outward at midheight and approached collapse. Concrete spalled off of several of the pilasters in the building wall, exposing the reinforcing steel, some of which buckled. In another, newly constructed Watsonville tiltup, interpanel connections at a skewed corner were damaged and roof sheathing was severely torn. Steel Buildings Modern steelframe buildings performed excellently in this earthquake, as they have in the past. Damage to these structures was typically limited to cracking of cladding and interior partitions and widespread disarray of contents. The nonstructural damage 29 sustained by steelframe buildings may largely be attributed to their flexibility, which results in very large displacements. A steelframe building with corrugated metal siding in Hollister serves as a warehouse for a food pany. As with the concrete tiltup buildings in Hollister, this tomato packing pany experienced severe damage to its steelframe building and significant loss of inventory. Canned tomato products stacked over 30 feet high on standard pallets were mobilized by the earthquake. Most stacks collapsed, impacting and ripping through the corrugated metal side walls. Impact forces were so great that several tapered steel columns and beams were severely damaged. These steel members twisted, bent, and failed, taking down an entire section of the building. Much of the inventory was lost or severely damaged. As with concrete tiltup warehouses, this incident highlights the effect that stored inventory can have on the integrity of a building during an earthquake. Summary The remote epicentral location of this earthquake allowed the San Francisco Bay Area to survive with relatively few instances of structural collapse. Except for buildings near the epicenter, most cases of severe damage occurred in older buildings with little seismic capacity and in areas of extremely weak soils. The fact that many inadequate structures in the region experienced little damage indicates that ground motion in most areas was not severe. Even so, most businesses experienced at least a week39。s business interruption and some capital loss. Many businesses must relocate to new facilities until their buildings are repaired or replaced. In future stronger shocks or in earthquakes located closer to the major population centers, much more extensive damage and mercial loss are likely Residential Structures Most residential buildings in the affected are