【正文】 many dishes on the their meal is very simple which often with a small number of delicious vegetables when they treat just says “help yourself” and they never carry food to guest39。s of Syncretism As a country that pays great attention to courtesy, the cuisine culture is deep rooted in Chinese either a Chinese home or restaurant, it is easy to find that table manners are the distinctive courtesies displayed will invariably add to the enjoyment of meals and keep people in high is really an admirable custom to respect others at the table, including the aged, teachers and guests while taking good care of people stress filial piety all the practice of presenting the best or fine food first to the senior members of the family has been observed for countless ancient times the mon people led a needy life but they still tried their best to support the elder mother or father who took it for the hosts in China are all friendly and hospitable, we should also show them starting to eat dinner, the host may offer some words of should not start to eat until the host says, 39。Please enjoy yourself39。 or something like that, otherwise it suggests disrespect and causes hosts place dishes on the table, they will arrange the main courses at the center with the supporting dishes evenly placed around the main dishes are prepared in a decorative form either by cut or other means they will be placed facing the major guests and elder people at the table, which also embodies have gradually accepted Chinese sentimental Chinese food has always been very popular in Americans grew up frequently eating lunches with dishes like wonton soup, chow mein and fried are abundant and extensive table manners forming in the east, while there are exquisite and distinctive table manners forming in the , the trend of syncretism of table manners between east and west is mainly reflected in Chinese learning from and more western restaurants appear in many cities in China and more and more people like to have meals in have learned western table manners gradually in daily is obvious that the Chinese diet conception is sensible, western diet idea is difference seems to bee blurred with the strengthening of munication between East and West and the development of westerners, instead of paying attention to the color, flavour and taste of the food, Chinese people pay more attention to its health and should learn from western manners not only learn its form but also adopt its inner in this way can we build up our confidence and superiority and establish our western style food, which was introduced into our country several hundred years ago, has grown up to be a vital new force on the Chinese food and beverage dissemination and development of western style food in China has unavoidably exerted great influence on Chinese food and beverage industry and made Chinese style food trade change in the aspects of managing concept, management mode, productive means, personnel cultivation and so Table manners reflect many differences between east and west, whether on sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware or behaviour and the differences people can easily understand the culture of each face of these differences, we should prehend and respect their habits and culture and should remember that every culture is equal and there is no one prior to the we can decently municate with each recognizing cultural differences between East and West and making a reasonable and effective integration, can we establish a social cultural etiquette system of contemporary China and reach the ideal harmonious [1]Albala, Cambridge World History of Food [M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000.[2]Finn, at the Table [M].America:Picture Window Books,2007.[3]King, Manners[M].America:Berkley Trade,2009.[4][J].內(nèi)江科技，2007(03).[5]瑪格麗特﹒[M].：新星出版社，2007.[6][J].新西部(下半月), 2009(06).[7]余琳,[J].硅谷, 2008(18).[8]楊柳,田丹丹,[J].內(nèi)江師范學(xué)院學(xué)報, 2008(01).[9][J].當(dāng)代學(xué)生, 2004(10).[10][J].邊疆經(jīng)濟(jì)與文化, 2009(04).第四篇：中西方餐桌文化差異中西方餐桌文化差異中國餐桌文化一、概述中國餐桌文化的歷史源遠(yuǎn)流長。古有“民以食為天”（Food is eating welldeserved for human life）、“豐衣足食”之說，今有“人是鐵，飯是鋼，一頓不吃餓得慌”的俗語。人們把飲食文化作為生活的重要部分，常我國古代一般“尚左尊東”、“面朝大門為尊”。然而由于器具、幾案、餐桌椅形和時代、地域的不同，“上座”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也有所不同。兩漢以前，“席南向并向，以西方為上”（《史記項(xiàng)羽本紀(jì)》），既以而朝東坐為上。而在坐北朝南的“堂”上，則是以南向?yàn)樽钭穑螢槲飨颍贋闁|向。隋唐以后，開始了由床向垂足高坐起居方式的轉(zhuǎn)變，方形、矩形餐桌均已齊備，座次利益也隨之有了新新的變化。清中葉后圓桌出現(xiàn)，一般取向陽或向門之位為首以飲食的好壞來衡量生活水平的高低。而盛大的節(jié)日也都與飲食相聯(lián)系。由此可見，自古以來，中國人對飲食的重視一直延續(xù)至今。另一方面，作為東方禮儀之邦，重視宴席座次禮儀、守禮儀是中國人數(shù)千年的傳統(tǒng)。據(jù)有關(guān)史料記載，至少在周代，我國飲食禮儀就已初步形成，經(jīng)過不斷地發(fā)展變化，逐漸形成體系，并對西方餐桌文化產(chǎn)生一定影響。隨著時代的變遷，飲食文化正向多元化發(fā)展。自清代以來，一些西餐禮儀被引進(jìn)。中西餐餐桌文化的交流，使得餐飲禮儀更加科學(xué)合理。二、分配方式的演進(jìn)中國最早實(shí)行“分餐制”（the individual serving），到了北宋后期才進(jìn)化到如今的合餐制。分餐制的歷史遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)長于合餐制。由于早期食物相對匱乏，“按人均分”是比較合適的分配原則。無法滿足人們的口味、習(xí)慣的不同是分餐制的缺陷。隨著生產(chǎn)力的進(jìn)步，食物逐漸充足起來，種類越來越豐盛，分餐制顯然不能適應(yīng)食物多樣化的發(fā)展。于是合餐制便逐漸取代了分餐制。合餐是歷史的進(jìn)步，不僅體現(xiàn)在其演進(jìn)過程的本身，也體現(xiàn)在對社會行為和文化的巨大影響上。合餐共食拉近了人們之間的親密關(guān)系，養(yǎng)成了對他人關(guān)心照顧以及我們民族廉讓的美德，也使中國人變得溫良和善，進(jìn)而增加了家人的凝聚力和整個社會的和諧；培養(yǎng)了中國人的溝通能力，創(chuàng)造了溝通場所，增加了合作機(jī)會；滿足了人們對食物多樣性的需求，以及豐富的精神和情感需求；也養(yǎng)成了中國人好商量、好通融的性格。三、宴席座次禮儀“不學(xué)禮，無以立?！敝袊俗怨懦缟卸Y儀，而中國最早的禮和最普及、最重要的禮，可以說就是食禮。在中國宴會繁溽食禮的基礎(chǔ)儀程和中心環(huán)節(jié)即是宴席上的座次之禮——“安席”。宴席上的貴客或主人應(yīng)坐“上座”。位?，F(xiàn)代較為流行的座次禮儀是在繼承傳統(tǒng)與參考國外禮儀的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展而來的：借西方宴會上以右為尊的法則，第一主賓就坐于主人右側(cè)，第二主賓在主人左側(cè)或第一主賓右側(cè)，變通處理。四、餐具的演進(jìn)我們的祖先也曾與現(xiàn)代人一樣，使用刀叉而非筷子。刀叉要同時使用左右手，因此人與人之間要保持相當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x。同時刀叉只適于近距離的傳輸，大概也就限于從胸前的盤子到嘴之間。如果這個距離按合餐制的要求，至少要延長到嘴到桌子的中心，也就是說至少要比桌子的半徑更長。顯然，刀叉承擔(dān)不了這個距離的傳輸功能。而筷子出現(xiàn)后，合餐就方便多了。從這個角度，我們大概可以這樣理解，西方人至今仍然使用刀叉進(jìn)食，與他們保持分餐制是互為因果的。現(xiàn)代中國常用的餐具有：筷子（chopsticks）、勺子（ladle）、盤子（plate）等，它們分別與西方的刀叉（knives and forks）、鐵匙（spoon）及碗（bowl）相對應(yīng)。它們的使用，亦有講究。五、餐桌禮儀與宗教、迷信、節(jié)日的關(guān)系中國人不單止十分尊重吃的藝術(shù)及禮儀，甚至?xí)窗萦伞盎鹕瘛毖苌鴣淼摹霸罹?，人們認(rèn)為“灶君”能保佑廚房避開火災(zāi)及各種不幸事件的發(fā)生。每年農(nóng)歷12月24日，各家都準(zhǔn)備一頓美味佳肴祀奉“灶君”，包括一只完事的雞、燒豬、多樣蔬菜、飯等，以多謝“灶君”對他們過去一年的保佑。而許多節(jié)日亦與飲食息息相關(guān)。如春節(jié)吃年夜飯、元宵節(jié)吃元宵、端午節(jié)吃粽子、中秋節(jié)吃月餅等等。凡此種種，都表達(dá)了人們對美好、團(tuán)圓生活的向往與追求。中國人認(rèn)為飲食與個人命運(yùn)幾乎是息息相關(guān)的，用飯時犯了禁忌，便會惹來衰運(yùn)。例如吃魚，當(dāng)吃完了一面魚身，不要用筷子把整條魚翻到另一面。人們認(rèn)為若翻魚時弄破魚身，便意味著漁船會翻沉，這是由于香港在開埠初期是一個漁港，漁民很關(guān)注船只的安全航行。此外，中國人從不會端上七碟菜肴用飯。因?yàn)樵岫Y后的“解慰酒”須有七碟菜肴。不可用筷子垂直插入飯碗的中央，因這樣有點(diǎn)象在拜祭祖先。用飯后不可說“我吃完了”，這意謂自己已死去，不會再有機(jī)會吃飯，而應(yīng)該說“我吃飽了”。很嚴(yán)格的順序上菜。通常在意大利宴請少量賓客時一般只有三道菜，桌上放有面包，可