【正文】 cold than the 。②單數(shù)性：“the+形容詞”若表示抽象概念，則表示單數(shù)意義，用作主語時，謂語要用單數(shù)如：The beautiful is not always the good, and the good is not always the true.③單復性：有個別的“the+形容詞”結構既表示單數(shù)意義，也表示復數(shù)意義，若用作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)還是復數(shù)需視情況而定。如：the good 指“好人”時表復數(shù)意義，指“善”時表單數(shù)意義；the accused 指一名被告時表單數(shù)意義，指多名被告時表復數(shù)意義。比較：The accused was acquitted of the 。(指一人)The accused were acquitted of the 。(指多人)④習慣性：有的表達帶有一定的習慣性，如“病人”習慣說成 the sick，而不說 the ill；這類結構習慣上不用于’s 所有格形式，若語義需要，可考慮用 of 所有格。如： 正：He is interested in the problems of the 。l 零冠詞的用法： 1 專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 名詞前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one./ Whose purse is this? 季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 4 表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前 Lincoln was made President of 學科，語言，球類，棋類名詞前 He likes playing football/ 與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前 by train, by air, by land 以and連接的兩個相對的名詞并用時 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 表示泛指的復數(shù)名詞前 Horses are useful 名詞l 名詞的種類：專有名詞 普通名詞 ， 不可數(shù)名詞個體名詞 集體名詞 抽象名詞 物質(zhì)名詞 l 名詞的數(shù)：一、規(guī)則名詞的復數(shù)形式：名詞的復數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加s或es?，F(xiàn)將構成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下：1 一般情況在詞尾加s mapmaps, seaseas, girlgirls, daydays 以s, x, ch, sh結尾的名詞后加es classclasses, boxboxes, watchwatches, dishdishes 以f或fe結尾的詞 變f和fe為v再加es leafleaves, thiefthieves, knifeknives, loafloaves,加s beliefbeliefs, chiefchiefs, proofproofs, roofroofs, gulfgulfs 以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞，變y為i加es partyparties, familyfamilies, storystories, 5 以元音字母加y結尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結尾的，加s toytoys, boyboys, daydays, 6 以輔音字母加o結尾的名詞 一般加es heroheroes, NegroNegroes, potatopotatoes，不少外來詞加s pianopianos, photophotos, autoautos, kilokilos, solosolos 兩者皆可 zerozeros/zeroes, volcanovolcanoes/ volcanos 以元音字母加o結尾的名詞加s radioradios, bamboobamboos, zoozoos 8 以th結尾的名詞加s truthtruths, mouthmouths, monthmonths, pathpaths，二、不規(guī)則名詞復數(shù)：英語里有些名詞的復數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下： 改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式 manmen, footfeet, goosegeese, mousemice 單復數(shù)相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 只有復數(shù)形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, passes, contents 4 一些集體名詞總是用作復數(shù) people, police, cattle, staff 5 部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復數(shù)（成員）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, mittee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 復數(shù)形式表示特別含義 customs(海關), forces(軍隊), times(時代), spirits(情緒), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟)表示“某國人” 加s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 單復數(shù)同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以man或woman結尾的改為men,women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 合成名詞 將主體名詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù) sonsinlaw, lookerson, passersby, storytellers, boy friends 無主體名詞時將最后一部分變?yōu)閺蛿?shù) grownups, housewives, stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺蛿?shù) women singers, men servants l 名詞的所有格：名詞在句中表示所有關系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加’s構成，二是由介詞of加名詞構成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無生命的東西。1.’s所有格的構成：單數(shù)名詞在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her soninlaw’s photo, 復數(shù)名詞 一般在末尾加’ the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不規(guī)則復數(shù)名詞后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights，以s結尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house 表示各自的所有關系時,各名詞末尾均須加’s Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes表示共有的所有關系時在最后一詞末加’s Japan and America’s problems, 表示＂某人家＂＂店鋪＂，所有格后名詞省略 the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s 2.’s所有格的用法：１ 表示時間 today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday ○2 表示自然現(xiàn)象 the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches ○3 表示國家城市等地方的名詞 the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s ○industry 表示工作群體 the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory○5 表示度量衡及價值 a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples ○6 與人類活動有特殊關系的名詞 the life’s time, the play’s plot ○7 某些固定詞組 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)○ 5：用于無生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長定語時：the classrooms of the firstyear students 用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed 代詞：一、代詞可以分為以下七大類： 人稱代詞 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 賓格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 物主代詞 形容詞性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名詞性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 反身代詞 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 4 指示代詞 this, that, these, those, such, some 疑問代詞 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 關系代詞 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 不定代詞 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little，other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either二、不定代詞用法注意點： , some與any: 1)one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，復數(shù)為ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問句和否定句。One should learn to think of you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any have some questions to )some可用于疑問句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復，或者表示建議，請求等。Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3)some 和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時，some表示某個，any表示任何一個。I have read this article in some correct the mistakes, if )some和數(shù)詞連用表示“大約”，any可與比較級連用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this you feel any better today? : each強調(diào)個別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個或兩個以上，而every強調(diào)整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個或三個以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary./ Each(of us)has a dictionary./ We each have a student has strong and weak points./ Every one of us has strong and weak ：no等于not any，作定語。none作主語或賓語，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語單復數(shù)皆可以。There is no water in the much water is there in the bottle? of the students are(is)afraid of :1)other泛指“另外的，別的”常與其他詞連用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way，the other特指兩者中的另外一個，復數(shù)為the others。如： He held a book in one hand and his notes in the students in our class failed, but all the others passed the )another指“又一個，另一個”無所指，復數(shù)形式是others，泛指“別的人或事”如： I don’t like this shirt, please show me another(one).The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some like football, while others like , neither和either all表示不可數(shù)名詞時，其謂語動詞用單數(shù)。both和all加否定詞表示部分否定， of the books are not written in English./ Not all of the books are written in of us are not teachers./ Not both of us are teachers./ Either of us is a ：：1)形容詞作定語通常前置，但在下列情況后置： 修飾some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等構成的復合不定代詞時 nobody absent, everything possible 以able,ible結尾的形容詞可置于