【導(dǎo)讀】爭日趨激烈企業(yè)在競爭中面臨著嚴峻的考驗。部分企業(yè)甚至可能被淘汰。適應(yīng)新的國內(nèi)外形勢在競爭中求生存，在生存中求發(fā)展。效率，提高管理水平，在降低成本的同時達到提高企業(yè)競爭力的目的。無疑是實現(xiàn)上述目標的有力手段之一。但是很少有針對具體企業(yè)的MIS研究，較。少具體考慮企業(yè)的特殊狀況，因而造成了實施成功率低、浪費嚴重的現(xiàn)象。將具有重要的實用價值。部及其環(huán)境的信息，以幫助他們進行決策。從環(huán)境上看，世界己變成“市場全球化、需求多。元化、競爭激烈化、戰(zhàn)略短期化”。首先產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)要適應(yīng)市場的需要，其次企業(yè)要有效率。企業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略竟優(yōu)、有利于企業(yè)提高效率從而取得效益。優(yōu)勢，使得國外企業(yè)的MIS實施成功率較高，也取得了顯著的經(jīng)濟和社會效益。在MIS的基礎(chǔ)理論研究方面也取得了相當大的成就。素的影響，企業(yè)的MIS建設(shè)跟國外還有很大的差距。為整個系統(tǒng)提供安全保障。

　　

【正文】 企業(yè)發(fā)展的需要。加緊在實踐的基礎(chǔ)上研究開發(fā)新型的更適合我國國情的企業(yè)管理信息當務(wù)之急的事情，在自發(fā)研究為主體的基礎(chǔ)上不斷吸收國外的先進經(jīng)驗才是我國企業(yè)管理信息系統(tǒng)的必經(jīng)之路 [11]。 信息時代的到來和企業(yè)改革的需要，使 得超市企業(yè)對于 MIS建設(shè)有著較大和較深的需求，而物業(yè)信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)及管理信息系統(tǒng)組織與建設(shè)的最終目標是為超市企業(yè)現(xiàn)代化管理提供高效、快捷的信息服務(wù)。建設(shè)一個滿足超市企業(yè)生產(chǎn)、經(jīng)營和管理需要的信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)和管理信息系統(tǒng)是十分困難和必要的，其中搞好信息資源的組織、開發(fā)與利用尤為重要。 MIS建設(shè)自身存在的問題，使之不能充分發(fā)揮應(yīng)有的作用。 MIS建設(shè)不能等企業(yè)管理工作完全規(guī)范化以后再進行，事實上，許多企業(yè)都在急切地希望搞好這項工作，但僅僅將程序開發(fā)出來并不等于管理水平的提高。不能脫離實際工作，單純強調(diào) MIS建設(shè)達到的水平， 盲目地和其它企業(yè)相比而不顧自身實際、期望通過一次開發(fā)就達到很高的水平往往會走彎路。事實上，管理水平上不去， MIS也不可能上去。 MIS建設(shè)在管理工作中發(fā)揮了應(yīng)有的作用，還可以根據(jù)工作的需要進行擴展和升級，就是搞好了這項工作。為此，要注意以下幾個方面 : (I)做好中長期規(guī)劃。要根據(jù)企業(yè)的實際情況，合理地安排好 M IS建設(shè)的過程，做好 MIS建設(shè)的中長期規(guī)劃，使 MIS建設(shè)能有一個由小到大的、穩(wěn)步發(fā)展的過程。 (2)系統(tǒng)的調(diào)整和升級。 MIS的作用不是通過一次開發(fā)工作就能完全發(fā)揮出來的，而是需要通過在實際工作和 MIS之 間進行反復(fù)的調(diào)整才能實現(xiàn)的。認為 MIS建設(shè)像發(fā)電機組那樣，一次建成后，可以幾十年一直使用下去是錯誤的，只滿足于實現(xiàn)當前功能的系統(tǒng)一般難以長期運行下去。因此，開發(fā)的系統(tǒng)要能夠方便地進行調(diào)整和擴充。 (3)采用開發(fā)方法。 MIS建設(shè)涉及的內(nèi)容很多，開發(fā)者往往會顧此失彼，要注意采用有效的方法，以便能從全局著眼，抓住主要的、本質(zhì)性的問題，以此來帶動各方面工作的進展。 只有真正做好這些基礎(chǔ)性工作，才能保證 MIS的穩(wěn)定運行，并使之充分發(fā)揮作用。這項研究要通過實際工作來完成，不僅是技術(shù)人員的事情。用戶方面（尤其是主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo) )要對 MIS建設(shè)有一定的認識，并能有效地組織開發(fā)工作，對于保證開發(fā)研究工作的成功是很重要的，同時，殷切希望有關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、專家和從事 M IS開發(fā)研究的同行們積極參與，給予大力的支持和幫助 [15]。 參考文獻 [1] 安忠，管理信息系統(tǒng)，中國鐵道出版社 [M]， 1997年 [2] 魏軍，管理信息系統(tǒng)，國防工業(yè)出版社 [M]， 1999年 [3] 甘仞初，信息系統(tǒng)開發(fā)，經(jīng)濟科學(xué)出版社 [M]， 1996年 [4] 陳禹，信息系統(tǒng)分析與設(shè)計，電子工業(yè)出版社 [M]， 1986年 [5]（美） REX BLACK 著，天宏工作室譯，測試 流程管理 [M]，北京大學(xué)出版社， 2021年 [6] (美 ) Joho ,Edward Whalen,Marcilia 著，北京超品計算機有限責任公司譯。 Microsoft SQl 系統(tǒng)管理員手冊 [M],人民郵電出版社， 2021年 [7] 李冕 ,等 ， 數(shù)據(jù)庫中間件在一般企業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息系統(tǒng)中的應(yīng)用 [J]， 計算機工程與 用 ,2021 , (14) [8] 鮑劍洋 ,吳文清 ， 通過 CORBA 規(guī)范訪問數(shù)據(jù)庫的方法和途徑 [J]， 計算機工程 用 ,2021 [9] 楊芙清 、 梅宏 、 李克勤 ， 軟件復(fù)用與軟件構(gòu)件技術(shù) [J],電子學(xué)報， 1999： (2) [10] 齊治昌 、 譚慶平 、 寧洪 ， 軟件工程 [M]， 高等教育出版社， 1997年 [11] 伍俊良，管理信息系統(tǒng)開發(fā)與應(yīng)用 [M]，科學(xué)出版社， 1997年 [12] 李戈， MIS系統(tǒng)開發(fā)項目管理 [M],水利水電出版社， 2021年 [13] 吳迪，企業(yè)管理信息系統(tǒng)基礎(chǔ) [M]，清華大學(xué)出版社， 1997年 [14] 覃 征 ， 電子商務(wù)導(dǎo)論 [M]， 人民郵電出版社 [15] 蕢志華 ， 管理信息系統(tǒng) [M]， 世界圖書出版社 . 致 謝 衷心 感謝這幾個月來畢如田老師對我的悉心指導(dǎo)和不倦的教誨，使我學(xué)到了許多的知識掌握了很多的專業(yè)技能。再次感謝老師和同學(xué)們對我一如既往的支持。 Christopher Tolkien AINULINDAL? The Music of the Ainur There was Eru, the One, who in Arda is called Il 鷙 atar。 and he made first the Ainur, the Holy Ones, that were the offspring of his thought, and they were with him before aught else was made. And he spoke to them, propounding to them themes of music。 and they sang before him, and he was glad. But for a long while they sang only each alone, or but few together, while the rest hearkened。 for each prehended only that part of me mind of Il 鷙 atar from which he came, and in the understanding of their brethren they grew but slowly. Yet ever as they listened they came to deeper understanding, and increased in unison and harmony. And it came to pass that Il 鷙 atar called together all the Ainur and declared to them a mighty theme, unfolding to them things greater and more wonderful than he had yet revealed。 and the glory of its beginning and the splendour of its end amazed the Ainur, so that they bowed before Il 鷙 atar and were silent. Then Il 鷙 atar said to them: 39。Of the theme that I have declared to you, I will now that ye make in harmony together a Great Music. And since I have kindled you with the Flame Imperishable, ye shall show forth your powers in adorning this theme, each with his own thoughts and devices, if he will. But I win sit and hearken, and be glad that through you great beauty has been wakened into song.39。 Then the voices of the Ainur, like unto harps and lutes, and pipes and trumpets, and viols and ans, and like unto countless choirs singing with words, began to fashion the theme of Il 鷙 atar to a great music。 and a sound arose of endless interchanging melodies woven in harmony that passed beyond hearing into the depths and into the heights, and the places of the dwelling of Il 鷙 atar were filled to overflowing, and the music and the echo of the music went out into the Void, and it was not void. Never since have the A inur made a ny music like to this music, though it has been said that a greater still shall be made before Il鷙 atar by the choirs of the Ainur and the Children of Il 鷙 atar after the end of days. Then the themes of Il鷙 atar shall be played aright, and ta ke Being in the moment of their utterance, for all shall then understand fully his intent in their part, and each shall know the prehension of eac h, and Il 鷙 atar shall give to their thoughts the secret fire, being well pleased. But now Il 鷙 atar sat and hearkened, and for a great while it seemed good to him, for in the music there were no flaws. But as the theme progressed, it came into the heart of Melkor to interweave matters of his own imagining that were not in accord with the theme of Il 鷙 atar, for he sought therein to increase the power and glory of the part assigned to himself. To Melkor among the A inur had be en given the greatest gifts of power and knowledge, and he had a share in all the gifts of his brethren. He had gone often alone into the void places seeking the I mperishable Flame。 for desire grew hot within him to br ing into Being things of his own, and it seemed to him that Il 鷙 atar took no thought for the Void, and he was impatient of its emptiness. Yet he found not the Fire, for it is w ith I l 鷙 atar. But being alone he had begun to conceive thoughts of his own unlike those of his brethren. Some of these thoughts he now wove into his music, and straightway discord arose about him, and many that sang nigh him grew despondent, and their thought was disturbed and their music faltered。 but some began to attune their music to his rather than to the thought w hich they had at first. Then the discord of Melkor spread ever wider, and the melodies which had been heard before foundered in a sea of turbulent sound. But Il 鷙 atar sat and hearkened until it seemed that about his throne there was a raging storm, as of dark waters that made war one upon another in an endless wrath that would not be assuaged. Then Il 鷙 atar ar