【正文】 echnology of behavior在這里譯成“研究行為的技術(shù)手段”。理順了它們之間的邏輯關(guān)系之后，按層次把該句譯為:（如果）這些問(wèn)題得不到解決，研究行為的技術(shù)手段就會(huì)繼續(xù)受到排斥，解決問(wèn)題的惟一方式也可能隨之繼續(xù)受到排斥。除了分析清楚各層次之間關(guān)系之外，句子翻譯的另一要點(diǎn)是:不能斷章取義?？佳蓄}的英譯漢是讓考生將一篇短文中的劃線(xiàn)部分翻譯出來(lái)，即斷章翻譯。然而，劃線(xiàn)部分是整篇文章中的有機(jī)部分，和上下文連為一體。因此，翻譯時(shí)尤其要注意劃線(xiàn)部分中的代詞所指代的內(nèi)容，同時(shí)在譯文中反映出來(lái)，做到準(zhǔn)確完整。請(qǐng)看第62句。這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。句子的框架是The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because?and partly because?。兩個(gè)partly because引導(dǎo)并列的原因狀語(yǔ)從句。主句是The behavioral sciences have been slow to change。原因狀語(yǔ)從句在句末可譯成“之所以?是因?yàn)?”的句式。句中的explanatory items原意為“用來(lái)解釋的條目”。在此句中如果這樣直譯，那就有失準(zhǔn)確。因?yàn)閑xplanatory items指代的是61句中的states of mind，feelings，traits of character，human nature。所以，應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)上下文譯為“用來(lái)解釋行為的依據(jù)”。此句譯成:行為科學(xué)之所以發(fā)展緩慢，部分原因是用來(lái)解釋行為的依據(jù)似乎往往是直接觀(guān)察到的，部分原因是其他的解釋一直很難找到。再看第64句。這是一個(gè)由and連接的并列句。在第二個(gè)分句中又有一個(gè)介詞in+which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾practices。文中的人稱(chēng)代詞they指代的是上句中的freedom and dignity。在翻譯此句時(shí)一定要根據(jù)語(yǔ)意環(huán)境，譯為“自由和尊嚴(yán)”。全句譯為:自由和尊嚴(yán)是傳統(tǒng)理論定義的自主人所擁有的，是要求一個(gè)人對(duì)自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)并因其業(yè)績(jī)而給予肯定的必不可少的前提。在翻譯英語(yǔ)句子時(shí)，特別是長(zhǎng)句時(shí)往往會(huì)碰到一些比較難翻的詞和詞組。所以，在確定詞義時(shí)一定要從詞語(yǔ)的搭配和句子或段落等語(yǔ)言單位對(duì)詞義進(jìn)行考慮，以保證詞義理解的準(zhǔn)確。詞義的引申和詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換是兩種重要的解題技能。它可以使譯文忠實(shí)通順，符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。例如:第63句。這是一個(gè)由and連接的并列句，句子的層次相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)比較簡(jiǎn)單。但句中的難點(diǎn)是詞組natural selection，selective role和動(dòng)詞formulate的翻譯。natural selection譯為“自然選擇”，selective role譯為“選擇作用”。動(dòng)詞formulate原意為“用簡(jiǎn)明的形式表示”，在此應(yīng)引申為“闡明”。英譯漢其目的是測(cè)試考生正確理解書(shū)面英語(yǔ)材料的能力。考試大綱規(guī)定，英譯漢試題通常是一篇約400詞的短文，要求考生在30分鐘內(nèi)根據(jù)上下文將文章中劃線(xiàn)的5個(gè)部分譯成漢語(yǔ)，譯文應(yīng)該通順達(dá)意。短文題材一般為政治經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)生活、文化教育或科普知識(shí)。2002年英譯漢試題譯文 《考研經(jīng)驗(yàn)網(wǎng)》我們遇到的幾乎所有重要問(wèn)題都涉及到人的行為，而且僅靠物理技術(shù)和生物技術(shù)是無(wú)法解決這些問(wèn)題的。我們所需要的是一種行為技術(shù)，但是可能產(chǎn)生這種技術(shù)的科學(xué)一直發(fā)展緩慢。（61）難題之一在于所謂的行為科學(xué)幾乎全都依然從心態(tài)、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去尋找行為的根源。物理學(xué)和生物學(xué)一度模仿類(lèi)似的做法并且只有當(dāng)它們拋棄這些做法后才得到發(fā)展。（62）行為科學(xué)之所以發(fā)展緩慢，部分原因是用來(lái)解釋行為的依據(jù)似乎往往是直接觀(guān)察到的，部分原因是其他的解釋方式一直難以找到。環(huán)境因素顯然是重要的，但是它的作用仍然是模糊不清的。它既不推動(dòng)也不阻礙行為科學(xué)的發(fā)展，它具有選擇作用，因而這種作用是很難發(fā)現(xiàn)和分析的。（63）自然選擇在進(jìn)化中的作用僅在一百多年前才得以闡明，而環(huán)境在塑造和保持個(gè)體行為時(shí)的選擇作用則剛剛開(kāi)始被認(rèn)識(shí)和研究。然而，由于人（生物）和環(huán)境之間的相互作用已經(jīng)逐漸被人們所認(rèn)識(shí)，所以現(xiàn)在正開(kāi)始從已知的環(huán)境去尋找一度認(rèn)為是心態(tài)、情感和性格特征所造成的影響其根源所在。因此就可以建立一門(mén)行為技術(shù)。但是，如果行為技術(shù)代替不了傳統(tǒng)的科學(xué)發(fā)展以前的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，那它將無(wú)法解決我們的難題。而這些傳統(tǒng)的觀(guān)點(diǎn)是根深蒂固的。自由和尊嚴(yán)是難處之所在。（64）自由和尊嚴(yán)（它們）是傳統(tǒng)理論定義的自主人所擁有的，是要求一個(gè)人對(duì)自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)并因其業(yè)績(jī)而給予肯定的必不可少的前提。科學(xué)的分析把責(zé)任和成績(jī)歸因于環(huán)境。它還提出有關(guān)“價(jià)值觀(guān)念”的種種問(wèn)題。誰(shuí)會(huì)使用一門(mén)技術(shù)?其目的何在?（65）在這些得到解決以前，研究行為的技術(shù)手段就會(huì)繼續(xù)受到排斥，解決問(wèn)題的惟一方式可能也隨之繼續(xù)受到排斥。注釋:?to?認(rèn)為?是?造成的。例如:1）They assigned his odd behavior to his ill health.（他們認(rèn)為他古怪的行為是身體不好造成的。）2）The fire was assigned to various causes.（這次火災(zāi)是種種原因造成的。）?to（onto）?把?推到?的頭上。例如:1）I mustn’t shift my responsibility to［upon］you.（我不能把責(zé)任推到你身上。）2）I don’t want to shift the blame onto her.（我不想把錯(cuò)推到她身上。） for “因?yàn)?而肯定某人的功勞”，如:The police was given credit for keeping the public services running smoothly.（由于使公用事業(yè)順利運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，警方受到表彰。） it隨之。and引導(dǎo)一個(gè)并列的省略分句，補(bǔ)全后為:and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems will continue to be rejected。練習(xí)Now zoom forward to our present time and think of our pre_Internet munications systems as sorts of protozoa（原生動(dòng)物）.What we’re witnessing today in the realm of cyberspace—the online reformulation of everything from the way we play and learn to how we shop and trade stocks may represent no less a world_ transforming change than the spectacular burst of creation so long notable difference:The primeval organisms did not have a guide_book to inform them about what to expect and how to deal with some of the fabulous things to do，in the recently released New Rules for the New Economy by Kevin Kelly，a founding editor of Wired magazine.《考研經(jīng)驗(yàn)網(wǎng)》“The key premise of this book is that the principles governing the world of the soft—the world of intangibles，of media，of software，and of services—will soon mand the world of the hard—the world of reality，of atoms，of objects，of steel and oil，and the hard work done by the sweat of brows，”Kelly this economic transformation is the bination of shrinking puters and expanding munications，he says，adding:（1）“We have seen only the beginnings of the anxiety，loss，excitement，and gains that many people will experience as our world shifts to a new highly technical planetary economy.”Does that sound like techno_hype?It’s barely a taste of the radical and often counterintuitive“rules”that Kelly dishes out.（2）He employs an aphoristic（格言的）and，well，wired style that will easily appeal to geeks and should also turn on any mainstream readers who are a little more than curious about where the digitally rendered world is it’s likely headed，in Kelly’s words，is“upside down”.Chew，for example，on the idea that“the surest way to smartness is through massive dumbness”.What that means in essence is that tiny puter chips，though relatively“dumb”on their own，can be added to billions of mundane objects and，thereby，yield substantial economic as real time buying patterns on everything from shirts to soda the conventional world of supply and demand where we all grew up，value came from in，diamonds，gold and a world of digital imperatives，as Kelly correctly points out，“power es from abundance.”（3）That was a principle that Apple tragically failed to understand when it backed off from licensing its graphic puter interface，assuring that its market share would be savaged by Microsoft’s more open Windows operating leads us to another of Kelly’s hardwired laws:Follow the the universe of atoms，as a resource is consumed it bees more expensive to gold is mined，nuggets（天然金塊）at first may be easy，and therefore cheap，to when particles of ore must be squeezed out of tons of rock，the price of gold bees more in what Kelly terms“the new order”，the law of plentitude kicks in，leading a savvy pany such as Netscape to distribute its Web browser for free in order to sell auxiliary services or ，expensive cell phones are offered as freebies（免費(fèi)的東西）to gain contracts for phone ，Kelly tells us to look around and see how much the world has already changed under our very feet.（4）An American farmer today，for instance，may still get some dirt under his fingernails，but much of his labor is performed under the umbrella of the electronic cab in his tractor has a wireless phone and a satellite_linked GPS location device。his home puter is connected to a never_ending stream of weather data，grain market reports and moisture detectors in the soil.（5）New Rules for the New Economy suggests that we might even learn something from those plucky