【導(dǎo)讀】willnot”to“___________”and“Idonotknow”.

　　

【正文】 ere the belief in universal individual opportunity has been greatly admired. Until the Second World War, however, elite selection through higher education, and the opportunity for ordinary citizens to achieve their goals were separate and unrelated ideas. The introduction of widespread testing which was both reliable and valid meant that both these goals could be pursued together. This opportunity occurred when the United States entered the Second World War. The . Navy decided to test new recruits in order to find which of them were suitable for college education before beginning military service. The eventual aim was for these recruits to be better able to perform higherlevel military tasks. Because of the large number of people who had to be tested, it was necessary to use a test which could be quickly and reliably administered and scored at several test sites simultaneously. On April 2, 1943, the first mass testing was administered to 325,000 young men. The success of the program meant that educational testing could be performed not just for elite selection but to give opportunity to the large mass of ordinary citizens. 16. What is the main topic of the passage? A. The idea of a meritocracy. B. The development of multiplechoice testing. C. The opportunities for the ordinary citizen. D. The United States39。s contribution to the war effort. 17. The word “ traced” in line 4 is closest in meaning to________. A. transposed B. followed 中國(guó)最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費(fèi)資源共享 ) 第 9 頁(yè) 共 11 頁(yè) C. simplified D. condemned 18. Why does the author mention the Greeks and the Chinese? A. To demonstrate how welleducated ancient people were. B. To indicate that multiplechoice testing is not new. C. To show that selection based on merit is not a new idea. D. To give examples of societies governed by the wealthy. 19. According to the passage, before World War Ⅱ _____________. A. educational testing was widespread B. the military elites were better educated C. the opportunity for individuals had been increased D. elite selection and individual opportunity were unconnected 20. What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraphs following the passage? A. Other goals of the . Navy. B. The advances in educational testing. C. New test sites which became available. D. The development of tests for ordinary citizens. Questions 21～ 25 Experiments have shown that in selecting personnel for a job, interviewing is at best a hindrance, and may even cause harm. These studies have disclosed that judgments of interviewers differ markedly and bear little or no relationship to the adequacy of job applicants. Of the many reasons why this should be the case, three in particular stand out. The first reason is related to an error of judgment known as the halo effect. If a person has one noticeable good trait, their other characteristics will be judged as better than they really are. Thus, an individual who dresses smartly and shows self confidence is likely to be judged capable of doing a job well regardless of his or her real ability. Interviewers are also prejudiced by an effect called the primacy effect. This error occurs when interpretation of later information is distorted by earlier connected information. Hence, in an interview situation, the interviewer spends most of the interview trying to confirm the impression given by the candidate in the first few moments. Studies have repeatedly demonstrated that such an impression is unrelated to the aptitude of the applicant. The phenomenon known as the contrast effect also skews the judgment of interviewers. A suitable candidate may be underestimated because he or she contrasts with a previous one who appears exceptionally intelligent. Likewise, an average candidate who is preceded by one who gives a weak showing may be judged as more suitable than he or she really is. Since interviews as a form of personnel selection have been shown to be inadequate, other selection procedures have been devised which more accurately predict candidate suitability. Of the various tests devised, the predictor which appears to do this most successfully is cognitive ability as measured by a variety of verbal and spatial tests. 21. The word “ hindrance” in line 2 is closest in meaning to____________. A. encouragement B. assistance C. procedure D. interference 22. According to the passage, the halo effect________________. A. stands out as the worst judgmental error B. works only when a candidate is well dressed and self confident 中國(guó)最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費(fèi)資源共享 ) 第 10 頁(yè) 共 11 頁(yè) C. exemplifies how one good characteristic colors perceptions D. helps the interviewer39。s capability to judge real ability 23. According to the passage, the impression given in the first few moments______________. A. can easily be altered B. is the one that stays with the interviewer C. is unrelated to the interviewer39。s prejudices D. has never been reinforced throughout the interview 24. The author mentions all of the following reasons why interviewing is not an accurate way to predict candidate suitability EXCEPT_____________. A. the halo effect B. the primacy effect C. the contrast effect D. thecognitive effect 25. This passage mainly discusses_______________. A. the effects of interviewing on job applicants B. the inadequacy of interviewing job applicants C. the judgments of interviewers con