生產(chǎn)者理論--微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-資料下載頁(yè)
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【正文】 e in the Long Run Price ($ per unit of output) Output P = MR $40 SAC SMC In the long run, the plant size will be increased and output increased to q3. Longrun profit, EFGD short run profit ABCD. q3 q2 G F $30 LAC E LMC 74 q1 A B C D Output Choice in the Long Run Price ($ per unit of output) Output P = MR $40 SAC SMC Question: Is the producer making a profit after increased output lowers the price to $30? q3 q2 G F $30 LAC E LMC 75 選擇長(zhǎng)期產(chǎn)量 進(jìn)入和退出： ? 短期利潤(rùn)產(chǎn)生，廠商的長(zhǎng)期反映是增加產(chǎn)量； ? 較高的利潤(rùn)吸引其他廠商進(jìn)入該行業(yè)； ? 更多的廠商進(jìn)入該行業(yè)導(dǎo)致供給增加， ? 市場(chǎng)價(jià)格下降，均衡重新實(shí)現(xiàn)。 76 S1 LongRun Competitive Equilibrium Output Output $ per unit of output $ per unit of output $40 LAC LMC D S2 P1 Q1 q2 Firm Industry $30 Q2 P2 ?Profit attracts firms ?Supply increases until profit = 0 77 長(zhǎng)期競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性均衡 均衡： ? 所有廠商都達(dá)到利潤(rùn)最大化， MC = MR ? 所有廠商經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)都為 0，因此沒(méi)有哪個(gè)廠商有動(dòng)力進(jìn)入或退出該行業(yè)， P = LAC，Profit = 0 ? 均衡市場(chǎng)價(jià)格，市場(chǎng)供給等于市場(chǎng)需求。 問(wèn)題： ? 如廠商成本相等，試分析當(dāng) P LAC時(shí)市場(chǎng)將如何調(diào)整；如廠商成本不相等時(shí)呢？ 78 經(jīng)濟(jì)租 投入品的經(jīng)濟(jì)租就是投入品的機(jī)會(huì)成本； 如投入品的機(jī)會(huì)成本未計(jì)入成本，則就長(zhǎng)期尺度看廠商將體現(xiàn)為正利潤(rùn)。 長(zhǎng)期廠商剩余： ? 一個(gè)廠商的廠商剩余由它的稀缺的投入要素帶來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)租構(gòu)成。 79 Firms Earn Zero Profit in LongRun Equilibrium Ticket Price Season Tickets Sales (millions) LAC $7 A baseball team in a moderatesized city sells enough tickets so that price is equal to marginal and average cost (profit = 0). LMC 80 $10 Economic Rent Ticket Price $7 LAC A team with the same cost in a larger city sells tickets for $10. Firms Earn Zero Profit in LongRun Equilibrium Season Tickets Sales (millions) LMC 81 行業(yè)的長(zhǎng)期供給曲線 假設(shè)： ? 所有廠商都可自由獲得生產(chǎn)技術(shù) ? 產(chǎn)出的增加不來(lái)自發(fā)明創(chuàng)造，而是增加投入品； ? 投入品市場(chǎng)不因行業(yè)的擴(kuò)張或收縮而變更。 不同行業(yè)的長(zhǎng)期供給曲線： ? 成本恒定行業(yè)，長(zhǎng)期供給曲線是一條水平線，價(jià)格等于長(zhǎng)期最小平均成本。 ? 成本遞增行業(yè)，長(zhǎng)期供給曲線向上傾斜，但只有價(jià)格高到可以彌補(bǔ)增加的投入成本時(shí)行業(yè)才能有更多的產(chǎn)出。 ? 成本遞減行業(yè)，長(zhǎng)期供給曲線向下傾斜 。 82 A P1 AC P1 MC q1 D1 S1 Q1 C D2 P2 P2 q2 B S2 Q2 Economic profits attract new firms. Supply increases to S2 and the market returns to longrun equilibrium. LongRun Supply in a ConstantCost Industry Output Output $ per unit of output $ per unit of output SL Q1 increase to Q2. Longrun supply = SL = LRAC. Change in output has no impact on input cost. 83 LongRun Supply in an IncreasingCost Industry Output Output $ per unit of output $ per unit of output S1 D1 P1 LAC1 P1 SMC1 q1 Q1 A SL P3 SMC2 Due to the increase in input prices, longrun equilibrium occurs at a higher price. LAC2 B S2 P3 Q3 q2 P2 P2 D1 Q2 84 S2 B SL P3 Q3 SMC2 P3 LAC2 Due to the decrease in input prices, longrun equilibrium occurs at a lower price. LongRun Supply in an DecreasingCost Industry Output Output $ per unit of output $ per unit of output P1 P1 SMC1 A D1 S1 Q1 q1 LAC1 Q2 q2 P2 P2 D2 85 稅收效應(yīng) 對(duì)廠商的效應(yīng)， PP87， 對(duì)行業(yè)的效應(yīng)， PP88。 86 Effect of an Output Tax on a Competitive Firm’s Output Price ($ per unit of output) Output AVC1 MC1 P1 q1 The firm will reduce output to the point at which the marginal cost plus the tax equals the price. q2 t MC2 = MC1 + tax AVC2 An output tax raises the firm’s marginal cost by the amount of the tax. 87 Effect of an Output Tax on Industry Output Price ($ per unit of output) Output D P1 S1 Q1 P2 Q2 S2 = S1 + t t Tax shifts S1 to S2 and output falls to Q2. Price increases to P2. 88 長(zhǎng)期供給彈性 恒定成本行業(yè)： ? 長(zhǎng)期成本曲線是一水平線，長(zhǎng)期供給彈性無(wú)窮大；投入品可方便地獲得 。 成本遞增行業(yè)： ? 長(zhǎng)期成本曲線向上傾斜，（斜率）長(zhǎng)期供給彈性為正，大小取決于投入品成本的增長(zhǎng)率。 ? 長(zhǎng)期供給彈性一般大于短期供給彈性。 89 演講完畢，謝謝觀看！
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