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生產(chǎn)者理論--微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)-資料下載頁

2025-02-16 18:18本頁面
  

【正文】 e in the Long Run Price ($ per unit of output) Output P = MR $40 SAC SMC In the long run, the plant size will be increased and output increased to q3. Longrun profit, EFGD short run profit ABCD. q3 q2 G F $30 LAC E LMC 74 q1 A B C D Output Choice in the Long Run Price ($ per unit of output) Output P = MR $40 SAC SMC Question: Is the producer making a profit after increased output lowers the price to $30? q3 q2 G F $30 LAC E LMC 75 選擇長期產(chǎn)量 進入和退出: ? 短期利潤產(chǎn)生,廠商的長期反映是增加產(chǎn)量; ? 較高的利潤吸引其他廠商進入該行業(yè); ? 更多的廠商進入該行業(yè)導(dǎo)致供給增加, ? 市場價格下降,均衡重新實現(xiàn)。 76 S1 LongRun Competitive Equilibrium Output Output $ per unit of output $ per unit of output $40 LAC LMC D S2 P1 Q1 q2 Firm Industry $30 Q2 P2 ?Profit attracts firms ?Supply increases until profit = 0 77 長期競爭性均衡 均衡: ? 所有廠商都達到利潤最大化, MC = MR ? 所有廠商經(jīng)濟利潤都為 0,因此沒有哪個廠商有動力進入或退出該行業(yè), P = LAC,Profit = 0 ? 均衡市場價格,市場供給等于市場需求。 問題: ? 如廠商成本相等,試分析當(dāng) P LAC時市場將如何調(diào)整;如廠商成本不相等時呢? 78 經(jīng)濟租 投入品的經(jīng)濟租就是投入品的機會成本; 如投入品的機會成本未計入成本,則就長期尺度看廠商將體現(xiàn)為正利潤。 長期廠商剩余: ? 一個廠商的廠商剩余由它的稀缺的投入要素帶來的經(jīng)濟租構(gòu)成。 79 Firms Earn Zero Profit in LongRun Equilibrium Ticket Price Season Tickets Sales (millions) LAC $7 A baseball team in a moderatesized city sells enough tickets so that price is equal to marginal and average cost (profit = 0). LMC 80 $10 Economic Rent Ticket Price $7 LAC A team with the same cost in a larger city sells tickets for $10. Firms Earn Zero Profit in LongRun Equilibrium Season Tickets Sales (millions) LMC 81 行業(yè)的長期供給曲線 假設(shè): ? 所有廠商都可自由獲得生產(chǎn)技術(shù) ? 產(chǎn)出的增加不來自發(fā)明創(chuàng)造,而是增加投入品; ? 投入品市場不因行業(yè)的擴張或收縮而變更。 不同行業(yè)的長期供給曲線: ? 成本恒定行業(yè),長期供給曲線是一條水平線,價格等于長期最小平均成本。 ? 成本遞增行業(yè),長期供給曲線向上傾斜,但只有價格高到可以彌補增加的投入成本時行業(yè)才能有更多的產(chǎn)出。 ? 成本遞減行業(yè),長期供給曲線向下傾斜 。 82 A P1 AC P1 MC q1 D1 S1 Q1 C D2 P2 P2 q2 B S2 Q2 Economic profits attract new firms. Supply increases to S2 and the market returns to longrun equilibrium. LongRun Supply in a ConstantCost Industry Output Output $ per unit of output $ per unit of output SL Q1 increase to Q2. Longrun supply = SL = LRAC. Change in output has no impact on input cost. 83 LongRun Supply in an IncreasingCost Industry Output Output $ per unit of output $ per unit of output S1 D1 P1 LAC1 P1 SMC1 q1 Q1 A SL P3 SMC2 Due to the increase in input prices, longrun equilibrium occurs at a higher price. LAC2 B S2 P3 Q3 q2 P2 P2 D1 Q2 84 S2 B SL P3 Q3 SMC2 P3 LAC2 Due to the decrease in input prices, longrun equilibrium occurs at a lower price. LongRun Supply in an DecreasingCost Industry Output Output $ per unit of output $ per unit of output P1 P1 SMC1 A D1 S1 Q1 q1 LAC1 Q2 q2 P2 P2 D2 85 稅收效應(yīng) 對廠商的效應(yīng), PP87, 對行業(yè)的效應(yīng), PP88。 86 Effect of an Output Tax on a Competitive Firm’s Output Price ($ per unit of output) Output AVC1 MC1 P1 q1 The firm will reduce output to the point at which the marginal cost plus the tax equals the price. q2 t MC2 = MC1 + tax AVC2 An output tax raises the firm’s marginal cost by the amount of the tax. 87 Effect of an Output Tax on Industry Output Price ($ per unit of output) Output D P1 S1 Q1 P2 Q2 S2 = S1 + t t Tax shifts S1 to S2 and output falls to Q2. Price increases to P2. 88 長期供給彈性 恒定成本行業(yè): ? 長期成本曲線是一水平線,長期供給彈性無窮大;投入品可方便地獲得 。 成本遞增行業(yè): ? 長期成本曲線向上傾斜,(斜率)長期供給彈性為正,大小取決于投入品成本的增長率。 ? 長期供給彈性一般大于短期供給彈性。 89 演講完畢,謝謝觀看!
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