【正文】 ? Internal Scrap caught up inline or endofline. Each of these defects are then mapped to identify the source of defects and ways to correct it. 質量過濾圖 （ Quality Filter Mapping） 需求擴大圖 （ Demand Amplification Mapping） ?This simple analytical tool can be used to show how demand changes along the supply chain. 需求擴大圖 （ Demand Amplification Mapping） ?Information from the graph ? Can be used for decision making and further analysis. ? Help to redesign the value stream configuration ? Manage fluctuations ? Reduce the fluctuation 決策點分析 （ Decision Point Analysis） ?Particularly used for T plants Wide bination of products from few ponents What is a decision point? ?Decision point is the point in the supply chain where actual demand pull gives way to forecast driven push. ?Products that are made according to actual demand are produced by forecast alone. 決策點分析 （ Decision Point Analysis） 決策點分析 （ Decision Point Analysis） Advantages of doing this? ? Assess the processes that operate both downstream and upstream from the decision point. ? This will help to ensure whether the processes are aligned with relevant pull or push methodology. ? Long term perspective possible to design various “ what if” scenarios, after the decision point has moved. ? This allows for better design of the value stream. 物理結構圖 （ Physical Structure Mapping） ?Help us to understand ? How a particular supply chain looks at an overview or industry level ? This will be helpful to focus on the area that does not receive sufficient departmental attention. ? Types of physical structure ? Volume structure ? Cost structure 物理結構圖 （ Physical Structure Mapping） ?Volume Structure 物理結構圖 （ Physical Structure Mapping） ?Cost Structure 總結 ? Process activity mapping involving five steps. First an analysis of the process is undertaken, followed by the identification of waste. Then consideration of whether the process can be rearranged in more efficient sequence, whether there is a better flow pattern and whether superfluous tasks can be removed. ? Supply chain response matrix seeks to portray the critical lead times for a particular process from distribution, supply to retailer. Once the total leadtime is understood, individual lead times and inventory amounts can be targeted for improvement. 總結 ? The production variety funnel allows an understanding of how firms or supply chains operate, how plexities can be managed and the identification of similarities and differences between industries. This tool can be useful for targeting inventory reduction. ? The quality filter map identifies the three types of quality problems that can exist in a supply chain. These are defects with the finished product as noted by customers, service defects not concerned with the production of the product and defects picked up by internal inspection systems. Each defect can be mapped along the supply chain to target improvement activity. 總結 ? Demand amplification mapping assess how demand changes along the supply chain in varying time periods. The information can be used to redesign the value stream configuration, manage fluctuations or establish solutions to manage regular and exceptional demand. ? Decision point analysis at the point in the supply chain where demandpull gives way to a forecast driven push. Understanding where this point lies is useful for assessing processes upstream and downstream from this point and for designing what if scenarios to see the impact of moving the point. The may allow for a better design of the value stream. 總結 ? Physical structure mapping is useful for understanding what a particular supply chain looks like at an industry level. This knowledge helps to understand how the industry operates and for directing attention to areas that may not be receiving sufficient development attention.