【正文】 ? The food had congealed into a sticky _______. Masses of books covered every surface in the room. There was a mass of people around the club entrance. a mass protest : involving or intended for a very large number of people mass ? I39。d like to _______ a table for two in advance. A separate room is reserved for smokers. We always keep some money in reserve , just in case. a wildlife reserve。 nature reserve American Equivalent: reservation preserve ? There has always been intense _________ between New Zealand and Australia. He finished 39 seconds ahead of his main rival . The college39。s facilities rival those of Harvard and Yale. reserve rivalry Sentences: ? With annual rainfall close to zero, Antarctica is technically a desert. ? with+n+adj. (phrase) 為復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，表示原因 Try: 因?yàn)楹芏鄬W(xué)生發(fā)音比較弱，他們從頭開始。 _____ ____ _____ ______ _____ ____ pronunciation, they started from the beginning. ? 觀察下句表示什么？ He sat there quietly with mouth half open, listening to the radio. ? 也可以省略 with. He rode along, his dog running and barking after him. 表示伴隨狀態(tài) ? Covering about 14 million square kilometres around the South Pole, it is the fifth largest continent in the world. Q: covering 在句中作什么成分？ － ing形式在句中作狀語，表伴隨狀態(tài)。又如： 1. Knowing that Yunan is one of the loveliest places in China, we decided to visit it someday next year. 2. Not knowing what is going on, he didn’t make any ments. 3. Having pleted his task, he went to bed. 4. Having been beaten three times, he dared not go there again. ? On average it is two kilometres thick, but in some places it reaches a depth of five kilometres. 又如： The rope is two metres long. The well is 12 metres deep. BUT: It’s a 2metrelong rope. The 12meterdeep well is dangerous. ? But the long Antarctic winter night, which lasts for 182 days (the longest period of continuous darkness on earth) as well as the extreme cold and lack of rainfall, means that few types of plant can survive there. which lasts for 182 days 是一個(gè)非限制性定語從句， which在此處不代表一個(gè)名詞，而是代表前面句子的全部意思。如： 1. He changed his mind, which made all of us angry. 2. The students finished the work by themselves, which was encouraging. (2) as well as是一個(gè)并列連接詞。如： Ｑ： as well as可連接什么？ It is unpleasant in summer as well as in winter. The child is lively as well as healthy. as well as 可連接并列的單詞或短語 Ｑ：連接兩個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)要注意什么？ He publishes as well as prints his own books. We are repairing the roof as well as painting the walls. Ｑ： as well as相當(dāng)于 in addition to時(shí)，后用什么形式？ As well as breaking his leg, he hurt his arm. She sings as well as playing the piano. Ｑ：如果 as well as 前是動(dòng)詞不定式， 后用什么形式？ You cannot expect her to do the housework as well as look after the children. as well as 連接兩個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)，它們的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)保持一致。 后用 Ving形式 其后的動(dòng)詞也是不定式，但 to要省略。 注意： ? 由 as well as 連接的復(fù)合主語并不影響謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)。如： I as well as they am ready to help you. ? as well as 連接的人稱代詞既可以是主格也可以是賓格，但句意不同。如： They have invited you as well as me. 他們邀請(qǐng)了我，也邀請(qǐng)了你。 They have invited you as well as I. 他們和我一樣都邀請(qǐng)了你。 ? as well as 用于否定結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)要注意： as well as 位于 not前時(shí)，兩者均否定 Gee, as well as his brother, hasn’t gone abroad. 位于 not后時(shí)，否定前者，肯定后者 Gee hasn’t gone abroad as well as his brother. 喬治并沒有和他兄弟一樣出國去。（他兄弟一人出國） ? as well as 在意義上強(qiáng)調(diào)前者， not only … but also強(qiáng)調(diào)后者。如： He’s got a car as well as a motorbike. = He’s got not only a motorbike but also a car. ? Gas and minerals, in the form of volcanic dust trapped in the ice, can tell us a lot about what the world’s climate was like in past ages. in the form of volcanic dust trapped in the ice 是個(gè)介詞短語作定語，修飾 gases and minerals，可以改成一句非限制性定語從句： which are in the form off volcanic dust trapped in the ice? 另： trapped in the ice = that is trapped in the ice，是 ed形式作定語，修飾 volcanic dust。 ? Not until the late 18th century did the British explorer James Cook cross the Antarctic Circle, but he never saw land. 這是一句倒裝句。句首為否定或半否定的詞語，如 no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… ，用倒裝。 Never have I seen such a performance. Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 當(dāng) Not until引出主從復(fù)合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。 典型例題 1) Why can39。t I smoke here? At no time___ in the meetingroom A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit 答案 A. 這是一個(gè)倒裝問題。當(dāng)否定詞語置于句首以表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，其句中的主謂須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。本題的正常語序是 Smoking is permitted in the meetingroom at no time. 2） Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is. A. man did know B. man know C. didn39。t man know D. did man know 答案 D. 看到 Not until… 的句型，我們知道為一倒裝句，答案在 C， D 中選一個(gè)。 改寫為正常語序?yàn)椋?Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 現(xiàn)在將not提前，后面就不能再用否定了 ,否則意思就變了。 ? until的四個(gè)考點(diǎn) : He kept working until his wife returned. He didn’t leave London until the war broke out. Not until his wife died did he leave London. It was not until the war broke out that he left London.