【正文】 a slightly larger group menting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44) 　　Television is a oneway tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on. 　　(45) 　　What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of stickiness creations and experiences to which others adhere. 　　[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity. 　　[B] Applications like , which allow users to bine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others. 　　[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day. 　　[D] This is because the networked puter has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading between passive consumption and active creation whose oute will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine. 　　[E] The challenge the puter mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players. 　　[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past halfcentury, much of the world39。s media culture has been defined by a single medium television and television is defined by downloading. 　　[G]The networked puter offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploadingPart C 　　Directions:　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. ( 10 points)　　Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for monalities defines science. Newton39。s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework. 　　(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything — a single generative equation for all we see. It is being less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the proliferation of dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.　　This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share mon origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered to be forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world39。s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is contingent and unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how plex cultural behaviour arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.　　That, at least, is the hope. But a parative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.　　The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who postulated that humans are born with an innate languageacquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly. 　　(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints. 　　Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong codependencies between particular types of wordorder relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineagespecific and not governed by universals.　　Section Ⅲ Writing　　Part A 　　51. Directions: 　　You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. 　　Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use Postgraduates39。 Association instead. ( 10 points)　　Part B 　　52. Directions:　　Write an essay of 160200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should 　　describe the picture briefly,　　explain its intended meaning, and　　give your ments.　　You should write neatly on answer sheet 2.