【正文】 il the active state is terminated through a different type of reaction. The polymerization is a chain reaction in two ways: because of the reaction kiics and because as a reaction product one obtains a chain molecule. The length of the chain molecule is proportional to the kiic chain length. ―Way”: (1) 方式 ， 方法 This is the right way of doing a thing. (2) 方面 This method is correct in some ways. 52 Man has learnt to make fire meet his needs in various ways. （ 方面 ） The position of a gas, liquid or solid mixture may be expressed in many ways. （ 方法 ） 帶 “ way‖的詞組： A thermometer put in the water can tell us the temperature of the water, but in no way does it show the amount of heat the water contains. I shall use the instrument in such a way as he used it yesterday. We shall make inquiries by the way of learning the truth. (以求 ， 為了 ) 53 “One after another (the other)” 一個(gè)接著一個(gè)；相繼地 (1) We repaired the instruments one after the other. (2) They entered the room one after another. “One … after another” 一個(gè) … 接著一個(gè) … The worker is checking one machine after another. 54 One can summarize the process as follows (R ? is equal to the initiator radical): One thus obtains polyvinylchloride from vinylchloride, or polystyrene from styrene, or polyethylene from ethylene, etc. As follows ―如下” The reaction process is as follows. The equation can be expressed as follows. 55 The length of the chain molecules, measured by means of the degree of polymerization, can be varied over a large range through selection of suitable reaction conditions. Usually, with mercially prepared and utilized polymers, the degree of polymerization lies in the range of 1 000 to 5 000, but in many cases it can be below 500 and over 10 000. By means of : 用，以，依靠 To weld (焊接 ) metals is possible by means of heat produced by a current. We should by all means make improvements to raise the output of instruments. Our test is by no means over. (not at all) 56 This should not be interpreted to mean that all molecules of a certain polymeric material consist of 500, 1 000, or 5 000 monomer units. In almost all cases, the polymeric material consists of a mixture of polymer molecules of different degrees of polymerization. “Consist of ―: 由 … 組成 All matter consist of atoms. On the other hand, as we know, a good understanding has been obtained of wood and coal which consist chiefly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. “Consist in” : 在于，存在于 The difference between the two machines consists in power. 57 Polymerization, a chain reaction, occurs according to the same mechanism as the wellknown chlorinehydrogen reaction and the deposition of phosgene (光氣 ). The initiation reaction, which is the activation process of the double bond, can be brought about by heating, irradiation, ultrasonics, or initiators. “Bring about” : 引起，產(chǎn)生，導(dǎo)致，完成 (1) The temperature often brings about a change of the state of matter. (2) The question now is what energy, if anything, is required to bring about such a rotation. (3) Rather than accelerate the reaction, this pound brought about the side reaction. 58 The initiation of the chain reaction can be observed most clearly with radical or ionic initiators. ② These are energyrich pounds which can add suitable unsaturated pounds (monomers) and maintain the activated radical, or ionic, state so that further monomer molecules can be added in the same manner. ③ 為了避免主語太長，“頭重腳輕”，通常將修飾主語的成分（定語從句等）后置 (1) No method is known by which it is possible to create energy out of nothing. (2) The problem arises whether the temperature is high enough. (3) Of special interest are the laws dealing with the effects of forces upon the form （形狀） and motion of objects. 整個(gè)主語部分太長，挪到謂語后，表語置于句首 論述力對(duì)于物體形狀和運(yùn)動(dòng)影響的定律具有特殊的意義 59 For the individual steps of the growth reaction one needs only a relatively small energy and therefore through a single activation step (the actual initiation reaction) a large number of olefin molecules are converted, as is implied by the term chain reaction. ④ Because very small amounts of the initiator bring about the formation of a large amount of polymeric material (1 : 1 000 to 1 : 10 000), it is possible to regard polymerization from a superficial point of view as a catalytic reaction. ―Through‖ (1) ―通過，穿過，透過，經(jīng)歷過 ” （介詞） (1) We should pass the oil vapor through a condenser. (2) There are many substances through which currents will not flow at all. 60 (2) ―由于” （介詞） He failed through not knowing how to use these measuring instruments. (3) ―… 過” , ―… 透”，“通” This film shows through. We must carry our experiment plan through. 這張膜透明 必須將實(shí)驗(yàn)方案進(jìn)行到底 61 For this reason, the initiators used in polymerization reactions are often ?designated as polymerization catalysts , even though, in the strictest sense , they are not true catalysts because the polymerization initiator enters into the reaction as a real partner and can be found chemically bound in the reaction product, i. e. , the polymer. “In (a) … sense” 就 … 意義來說 (1) In order that work can be done, in scientific sense, a force must move an object through some distance. “In a sense” 在某種意義上 In a sense, this is a good method of improving the stability of the polymer material. 62 In addition to the ionic and radical initiators there are now metal plex initiators (which can be obtained, for example, by the reaction of titanium tetrachloride or titanium trichloride with aluminum alkyls), which play an important role in polymerization reactions (Ziegler catalysts). The mechanism of their catalytic action is not yet pletely clear. — Vollmert B. Polymer Chemistry. Berlin: SpringerVerlag, 1973. 40 “Play a part (role) in” 在 … 中起作用