【正文】
al, or his stamp232。d faceContemplate。 what you will, approve,So you will let me love.(John Donne: The Canonization)這節(jié)詩行的押韻格式為abbacccaa,顯然,前面四行是吻韻,后面五行是雙行韻的變體。六、十行詩節(jié)中押韻格式的組合使用由于詩行較多,十行詩節(jié)沒有固定的押韻格式,但大多數(shù)是從基本押韻格式上變化而來,例如多恩的《升起的太陽》第一節(jié):Busy old fool, unruly sun,Why dost thou thusThrough windows and through curtains call on us?Must to thy motions lovers’ seasons run?Saucy pedantic wretch, go chideLate schoolboys and sour prentices,Go tell court huntsmen that the king will ride,Call country ants to harvest offices。Love, all alike, no season knows nor clime,Nor hours, days, months, which are the rags of time.(John Donne: The Sun Rising)這個詩節(jié)的押韻格式是abbacdcdee,顯然,前四行押吻韻,接下來的四行押隔行韻,最后兩行押雙行韻。又如濟慈《夜鶯頌》第四詩節(jié):Away! Away! For I will fly to thee,Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards,But on the viewless wings of Poesy,Though the dull brain perplexes and retards:Already with thee! Tender is the night,And haply the Queen –Moon is on her throne,Cluster’d around by all her starry Fays。But here there is no light,Save what from heaven is with the breezes blownThrough verdurous glooms and winding mossy ways.(John Keats: Ode to a Nightingale)這個詩節(jié)的押韻格式是ababcdecde,顯然,前四行押隔行韻,后六行也押隔行韻,但隔兩行而非基本格式的隔一行。七、“維拉內(nèi)拉”(villanelle)十九行詩這種詩體在文藝復(fù)興時期用于當(dāng)時流行的牧歌中,它起源于意大利民謠的詩體,格律很嚴(yán):每首由五個三行詩節(jié)構(gòu)成,限用兩個韻,三行詩節(jié)的韻腳安排為aba,四行詩節(jié)為abaa,第一節(jié)中的第一行與第三行還必須在后面的四節(jié)中輪流用作第三行,并在最后的四行節(jié)中雙雙出現(xiàn),作全詩結(jié)句。如狄蘭?托馬斯的《不要溫和地走進那個良夜》:Do not go gentle into that good night,Old age should burn and rave at close of day。Rage, rage against the dying of the light.Though wise men at their end know dark is right,Because their words had forked no lightning theyDo not go gentle into that good night.Good men, the last wave by, crying how brightTheir frail deeds might have danced in a green bay,Rage, rage against the dying of the light.Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight,And learn, too late, they grieved it on its way,Do not go gentle into that good night.Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sightBlind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay,Rage, rage against the dying of the light.And you, my father, there on the sad height,Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray.Do not go gentle into that good night.Rage, rage against the dying of the light.(Dylan Thomas: Do not Go Gentle into That Good Night)詩人的父親常常給年少的他朗誦莎士比亞的作品,并鼓勵他寫詩。在父親最后的日子里,摯愛他的兒子在他的病榻前為他反復(fù)朗誦這首杰作。詩人認(rèn)為父親是個有見識的人,具有多種非凡的品質(zhì),因此他列舉了數(shù)種典型之人對待死亡的態(tài)度,殷殷勸說父親不要被動地屈從,而應(yīng)以生命的激情和勇氣與死神抗掙。詩人請求父親以一如既往的熱情來關(guān)心自己,哪怕是詛咒或祝福。第五章 十四行詩的押韻格式第一節(jié) 彼特拉克體十四行詩的押韻格式十四行詩起源于意大利,它是114世紀(jì)意大利最流行的一種抒情詩體。詩人彼特拉克是意大利十四行詩的代表,這種詩體既被稱為意大利十四行詩體,又被稱為彼特拉克體。一般認(rèn)為,英國最早寫作意大利十四行詩的詩人是懷亞特(Sir Thomas Wyat,1503~1545),他的詩作在他去世十五年以后與霍華德(Henry Howard,1517~1547)一起出版,他們一起被稱為“英國十四行詩之父”。這種詩體被介紹到英國后,很快成為英國詩人喜歡運用的一種詩體,彌爾頓、華茲華斯、濟慈、勃朗寧、錫德尼都寫下優(yōu)美的彼特拉克體十四行詩。這種詩體由十四行詩組成,分前八行(octave)和后六行(sestet)兩個部分。每行五個韻步(pentameter)。第一部分八行詩的押韻格式為:abba abba,這種韻式稱為吻韻。第二部分六行詩的押韻格式有三種:cdc cdc,cdc dcd,cde dce。這種韻式稱為鏈韻。一、彌爾頓爾頓用彼特拉克體寫了多首十四行詩,其內(nèi)容包括對贊頌革命人物,對酬答友好故舊,抒發(fā)個人情懷等。以下是《我思量我已耗盡光明》:When I consider how my light is spentEre half my days, in this dark world and wide,And that one talent which is death to hide,Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bentTo serve therewith my Maker, and presentMy true account, lest he returning chide。“Doth God exact daylabor, light denied?”I fondly ask。 but Patience to preventThat murmur, soon replies, “God doth not needEither man’s work or his own gifts。 who bestBear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His stateIs kingly. Thousands at his bidding speed And post o’er land and ocean without rest:They also serve who only stand and wait.” (John Milton: On His Blindness)此詩的主題寫失去視力的感受,表達詩人對萬物有靈論和上帝的哲學(xué)看法。詩歌探討了詩人對上帝的信仰和聯(lián)系,并暗示上帝創(chuàng)造了人,人追求的不是休息而是工作。全詩分兩個部分,第一部分寫彌爾頓向上帝提問,第二部分對自己提出的問題做出解答。詩歌雖然是詩人向上帝提問,但實際上是詩人向自己提問,努力為自己失明后所遭遇的人生問題尋求答案。一開始,詩人就暗示,美好人生因為失明受到影響,第一到第四行的“dark”“death”“useless”等詞表明詩人失明后的心理狀態(tài),即失明后籠罩在內(nèi)心深處的巨大陰影。第三行詩“And that one talent which is death to hide”是對《圣經(jīng)》馬太福音第25章的暗示。三個人中的兩個拿了主人的錢去投資并賺了錢,得到主人的回報,而那個把錢埋在地里的人卻很不幸,主人把他的錢奪去給了賺了錢的人,還把他關(guān)在門外的黑暗中。這是詩人的真切感受,他失明后感覺被人從現(xiàn)實人生和世界中趕了出去,被關(guān)在黑暗的世界里。第二個四行是繼續(xù)提出問題“Doth God exact daylabour, light denied?”緊接著是對前面提出的問題給予回答(Patience…soon replies)。全詩每行十個音節(jié),分五個抑揚格韻步,前八行的韻式為abba abba,后六行韻式為cde cde。彌爾頓的這首十四行詩在結(jié)構(gòu)上跟傳統(tǒng)意大利十四行詩略有不同,即在后面的六行中,沒有傳統(tǒng)意大利體的轉(zhuǎn)折,這種變化的意義在于使十四行詩在結(jié)構(gòu)上更為緊密,在內(nèi)容上更嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),避免了傳統(tǒng)意大利體在前八行和后六行之間的轉(zhuǎn)換所造成的意義上的斷裂。二、華茲華斯華茲華斯一生用彼特拉克體寫了五百余首十四行詩,其中不乏精美之作。華茲華斯以自己的詩歌實踐重新確立了十四行詩在文學(xué)上的地位,充分肯定了十四行詩的意義。以《威斯敏斯特橋上》為例:Earth has not any thing to show more fair:Dull would he be of soul who cold pass byA sight so touching in its majesty:This City now doth, like a garment, wearThe beauty of the morning。 silent, bare,Ships, towers, domes, theatres, and temples lieOpen unto the fields, and to the sky。All bright and glittering in the smokeless air.Never did sun more beautifully steepIn his first splendour, valley, rock, or hill。Ne’er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep!The river glideth at his own sweet will。Dear God! the very houses seem asleep。And all that mighty heart is lying still! (William Wordsworth: Composed upon Westminster Bridge)此詩的主題是贊美沐浴在晨光中的與大自然融為一體的寧靜的倫敦城。詩歌的標(biāo)題指明觀景的地點是泰晤士河上的一座橋,詩人經(jīng)過此處,被眼前景色打動,環(huán)顧四周,更是興奮不已,于是詩歌一開始就點題:如此壯觀的美景無與倫比,凡有正常情感的人都會被景色打動。接下來詩歌就像攝影機鏡頭一樣,首先對準(zhǔn)城市(this city…),慢慢移向郊區(qū)(ships…temples lie / Open unto the fields, and to the sky),移向更遠(yuǎn)處的山谷等地(valley, rock, or hill)再將鏡頭收回來,對準(zhǔn)泰晤士河、城市建筑和整座城市(river, houses, heart)。四周寧靜,陽光普照,城市如披著新袍,一切建筑都在一塵不染的大氣中光輝燦爛,城市與郊外的田野和天空完美地融為一體,陽光也撒在純粹是自然狀態(tài)的峽谷山陵,河水靜靜流淌,晨輝中像心臟一樣強有力地跳動的倫敦城還沉浸在甜甜的睡夢之中。全詩每行十個音節(jié),分五個抑揚格韻步,前八行的韻式為abba abba,后六行韻式為cdc dcd。其中后六行與彌爾頓的韻式有所不同,這是華茲華斯對押韻格式所作的變化。華茲華斯的十四行詩《不要責(zé)備十四行詩》,既表達了詩人對十四行詩的總體評價,也是對過去寫作十四行詩的詩人給予獨特的評價:Scorn not the Sonnet。 Critic, you have frowned,Mindless of its just honours。 with this keyShakespeare unlocked his heart。 the melodyOf this small lute gave ease to Petrarch39。s wound。A thousand times this pipe did Tasso sound。With it Camamp。ouml。ens soothed an exile39。s grief。The Sonnet gli