【正文】 Richard Stone ● for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis 1985 Franco Modigliani ● for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets 1986 James M. Buchanan Jr. ● for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decisionmaking 1987 Robert M. Solow ● for his contributions to the theory of economic growth 1988 Maurice Allais ● for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources 1989 Trygve Haavelmo ● for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures 1990 Harry M. Markowitz, Merton H. Miller, William F. Sharpe ● for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics 1991 Ronald H. Coase ● for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy 1992 Gary S. Becker ● for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour 1993 Robert W. Fogel, Douglass C. North ● for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change 1994 John C. Harsanyi, John F. Nash Jr., Reinhard Selten ● for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of noncooperative games 1995 Robert E. Lucas Jr. ● for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy 1996 James A. Mirrlees, William Vickrey ● for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information 1997 Robert C. Merton, Myron S. Scholes ● for a new method to determine the value of derivatives“ 1998 Amartya Sen ● for his contributions to welfare economics 1999 Robert A. Mundell ● for his analysis of moary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas 2022 James J. Heckman, Daniel L. McFadden ● for his development of theory and for analyzing selective samples“ ● for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice 2022 Gee A. Akerlof, A. Michael Spence, Joseph E. Stiglitz ● for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information 2022 Daniel Kahneman, Vernon L. Smith ● for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decisionmaking under uncertainty“ ● for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms 2022 Robert F. Engle III, Clive . Granger ● for methods of analyzing economic time series with timevarying volatility (ARCH)“ ● for methods of analyzing economic time series with mon trends (cointegration) 2022 Finn E. Kydland, Edward C. Prescott ● for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles 2022 Robert J. Aumann, Thomas C. Schelling ● for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through gametheory analysis 2022 Edmund S. Phelps ● for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy“ 2022 Leonid Hurwicz, Eric S. Maskin, Roger B. Myerson ● for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的發(fā)展故事 ● 現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的歷史如此微妙，堪與任何歷史小說的情節(jié)相媲美。故事的主線是人類對財富和繁榮的追求，對能夠最好地服務(wù)于普通人需要的經(jīng)濟(jì)模型的尋覓。 ● 故事的主角是 Adam Smith——蘇格蘭啟蒙運(yùn)動的孩子與他所代表的哲學(xué) ——自我調(diào)節(jié)的天賦自由和競爭體系。我們的主人公在 200多年的經(jīng)濟(jì)史上經(jīng)歷了無數(shù)次的勝利和失敗。在對手的打擊下，有時候他似乎已經(jīng)失去了生機(jī)。然而，他似乎有很強(qiáng)的生命力，總是能緩過氣來。 Mark Skousen， The Making of Modern Economics， 2022 現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的曲折成長歷程（ 1） ● 1776年 3月 9日，《國富論》在倫敦出版（經(jīng)濟(jì)獨立宣言）——“斯密革命 ” 。 ● 1776年 7月 4日，美利堅合眾國成立（政治獨立的宣言）。 ● Adam Smith的天賦自由和看不見的手的哲學(xué)迅速傳播到法國（通過薩伊和巴師夏）、美國（通過杰斐遜）乃至西方世界的其他地方。 ● 然而， Adam Smith的樂觀世界幾乎立即受到了馬爾薩斯和李嘉圖這兩位嚴(yán)肅學(xué)者的挑戰(zhàn)，他們提出了生存工資鐵律和工人階級永遠(yuǎn)貧困的悲觀學(xué)說。此后，烏托邦社群主義達(dá)到頂點，穆勒在自由與社會主義之間搖擺不定。 ● 19世紀(jì)工業(yè)革命中期，馬克思帶著工人階級的剝削和異化言論突然跳上舞臺，社會主義的崛起成為資本主義在下個世紀(jì)即將面對的最大挑戰(zhàn)。 ● 1871年，對抗社會工程化的黑暗力量的燈塔終于出現(xiàn)了?！?邊際革命 ” 的爆發(fā)給看不見的手的經(jīng)濟(jì)模型注入了新的活力，同時也標(biāo)志著新古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的誕生。 現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的曲折成長歷程（ 2） ● 1929年大崩潰和 1930年代的大蕭條給資本主義世界最沉重的打擊。誰來拯救資本主義？捍衛(wèi)自由放任政策的新古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家與要求通過革命推翻舊秩序的馬克思主義者和社會主義者針鋒相對。這時，作為救世主的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家凱恩斯橫空出世。這就是所謂 “ 凱恩斯革命 ” 。 ● 1950年代，芝加哥學(xué)派的佛里德曼發(fā)起了 “ 貨幣主義的反革命 ” ，凱恩斯的主流經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)地位受到挑戰(zhàn)，現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)向 Adam Smith的自由放任模型回歸。 ● 20世紀(jì) 90年代，蘇聯(lián)經(jīng)濟(jì)體系崩潰標(biāo)注著社會主義范式遭遇了大挫折，市場經(jīng)濟(jì)似乎取得了徹底的勝利?，F(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)以一種樂觀的曲調(diào)中止。在新千年中， Adam Smith的自由放任模型還會遇到挑戰(zhàn)嗎？ ● 自 1960年代以來，現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)正在爆發(fā)一場新的革命，這就是所謂 “ 信息革命 ” 。 1996年，兩位經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家由于對不對稱信息條件下的激勵經(jīng)濟(jì)理論的基礎(chǔ)貢獻(xiàn)獲得 Nobel經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎。 2022年，三位經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家因為對不對稱信息條件下的市場的理論貢獻(xiàn)獲得 Nobel經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎。