【正文】 ? independent adj 【 ~ (of sb/sth)】 not controlled (by other people or things) 獨立的 : ? Barbados（巴巴多斯） was once a British colony, but now it39。s independent. ? 他年歲已大不必依賴父母 . ? He is old enough to be independent of his parents Words and phrases ? strictly speaking adv. if one uses words, applies rules, etc. in their exact sense ? He’s not strictly speaking an artist。 he is more of a performer. ? 嚴格地說，他沒有資格干這工作。但我們錄用了她因為她誠實。 ? Strictly speaking she was not qualified for the job. But we employed her because of her honesty. ? to (some, what, such an, a certain, a very real, etc) extent: to the degree specified 達到某程度 : ? To what extent can he be believed? ? Ex. 在某種程度上你是正確的 . ? To some/a certain extent you are correct. Words and phrases ? pass (sth.) on to (sb.) hand or give (sth.) to (sb.)： ? When you have finished reading the novel, please pass it on to Laura. ? (be/get) out of control ? be/bee no longer manageable 失去控制 ? Inflation has got out of control. ? Cf. (be) in control (of sth) 管理 : ? Who39。s in control of the project? ? bring/get sth/be under control抑制 。 控制 : ? The fire has been brought under control. ? Ex. 管不住這些孩子了 . ? The children are out of control. ? put into practice 將 …… 付諸實踐 ? They put into practice in their daily lives the teaching they received. ? Ex. 已經推遲好幾天了，我們必須實行我們的計劃。 ? Having delayed several times, we must put our plans into practice. ? strike out ? start being independent。 start doing what one wants to do in life. ? After working for his father for about ten years, he decided to strike out on his own （自謀生計） . ? be supposed to (line 910) ? 1) to have a duty of responsibility to do sth。 to be intended to。 to be generally considered to be應當，理應，按理 ? Everybody is supposed to bring a bottle to the party. ? This law is supposed to help the poor. ? I haven’t seen it myself, but it’s supposed to be a good film. ? 2) (infml) [與否定此連用，表委婉禁止 ] not allowed to 不許，不可 ? You are not allowed to smoke in this building. ? Ex. 我們理應彼此幫助（可是并沒有）。 ? We are supposed to help each other. Words and phrases ? must ? “must” used to express a strong belief: must 表推測。用于肯定句表示對現(xiàn)在、將來或過去情況的推測，通常有兩種形式： ? a) 對現(xiàn)在或未來的肯定推測，結構為 : “must + 動詞原形” 或 “ must + be +現(xiàn)在分詞”。如： ? She must dislike such a man. He must be having the meeting now. ? b) 表示對已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測，結構為 : “ must+ have+ 過去分詞”。如： ? It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. Words and phrases ? Note: must 此意的否定式是 can’t 或 couldn’t，表示不可能的事實。如： ? Can he be serious? 他是認真的嗎？ ? It can’t/ couldn’t have been true. 那不可能是真的。 ? Ex. 改錯 ? She mustn’t have been to your home. She doesn’t know your address. （ ） ? Paul did so well in his speech today that he should have practiced it many times this past week. ? ( ) ? Judging by the noise that is ing from their room, I think that they must have a party. ( ) Postreading ? 1. drawing a picture ? 1) T draws Ss attention to a quotation from Ralph Waldo Emerson in the Quotations section – “The English language is the sea which receives tributaries from every region under heaven.” ? 2) Ss try to draw a picture of the development of the English language. The body of English is the sea, while the major influences are the tributaries that flow into it. At each point where a river merges into the sea, note down the time. Along each river, note down the name of the language(s) from which English has borrowed. (refer to Text Organization Exercise 2) ? 3) Some Ss draw their pictures on the blackboard. Then T gives some ments. drawing a picture ? 4) Ss reread Part II to find out how the author anizes the phases of English language development into a coherent piece. (By transitional devices at paragraph heads. Pay special attention to the underlined parts below: ? How did the language of a small island…bee the language of the pla? ? New words came with the Germanic tribes… in the 5th century. ? The next big influence on English was… ? Then into this relatively peaceful land came the Vikings… ? Another flood of new vocabulary occurred in 1066… ? Around 1476 William Caxton set up a printing press in England… ? As settlers landed in North America…) Postreading ? Useful expressions: ? 1. 排行榜 a hit parade 2. 嚴格地說 the things that really matter to us 3. 對我們真正至關重要的事 strictly speaking 4. 發(fā)表演說 make a speech for effect a systematic study descend from e up with drift west pass on to us Postreading ? Useful expressions: ? enjoy oneself ? rear/raise a child ? mon people ? a printing press ? a wealth of new thinking ? the European Renaissance ? be out of control ? put into practice ? a respecter of the liberties of each individual ? strike out new paths ? …… 的準則 nourish the principles of … ? the rights of man ? an intellectual elite Postreading ? Proverbs and Quotations ? 1. Speech is silver, silence is gold. 雄辯是銀，沉默是金。 ? 2. Speech is