【正文】 錄Structural DesignStructural design is the selection of materials and member type, size, and configuration to carry loads in a safe and serviceable fashion. In general, structural design implies the engineering of stationary objects such as building and bridges, or objects that may be mobile but have a rigid shape such as ship hulls and aircraft frames. Devices with parts planned to move with relation to each other (linkages) are generally assigned to the area of mechanical design.Structural design involved at least five distinct phases of work: project requirements, materials, structural scheme, analysis, and design,. For unusual structures or materials a sixth phase, testing, should be included. These phases do not proceed in a rigid progression, since different materials can be mosr effective in different schemes, testing can result in changes to a design, and a final design is often redesign. Often, several alternative designs will prove quite close in cost, strength, and serviceability. The structural engineer, owner, or end user would then make a selection based on other considerations.Before starting design, the structural engineer must determine the criteria for acceptable performance. The loads or forces to be resisted must be provided. For specialized structures, this may be given directly, as when supporting a known piece of machinery, or a crane of known capacity. For conventional buildings, building codes adopted on a municipal, county,or state level provide minimum design requirements for live loads (occupants and furnishings, snow on roofs, and so on ). The engineer will calculate dead loads (structure and known,permanent installations) during the design process.Member size limitations often have a major effect on the structural design. For example, a certain type of bridge may be unacceptable because of insufficient underclearance for river traffic, or xxessive height endangering aircraft. In building design, ceiling heights and floortofloor herghts affect the choice of floor framing. Wall thicknesses and column sizes and spacings may also affect the serviceability of various framing schemes.Technological advances have created many novel materials such as carbon fiber and boron fiberreinforced posite, which have excellent strength, stiffness, and strengthtoweight properties. However, because of the high cost and difficult or unusual fabrication techniques required, they qre used only in very limited and specialized app。ications. Glassreinforced posites such as fiberglass are more mon, but are limited to lightly loaded applications. The main materials used in structural design are more prosaic and include steel, aluminum, reinforced concrete, wood, and masonry.In an actual structure, various forces are experienced by structural members, including tension, pression, flexure(bending), shear, and torsion(twist). However, the structural scheme selected will influence which of these forces occurs most frequently, and this will influence the process of material selection.Once a satisfactory scheme has been analyzed and designed to be within project criteria, the information must be presented for fabrication and construction. This is monly done through drawings, which indicate all basic dimensions, materials, member sizes, the anticipated loads used in design, and anticipated forces to be carried through connections.結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計的選材及構(gòu)件類型,大小和形態(tài)是和建筑物的安全、美觀時尚緊密聯(lián)系在一起的。一般來說,結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計意味著將這個工程的單一的構(gòu)件、具有一定位移的構(gòu)建構(gòu)成一個完整的整體,當(dāng)然也有可能會形成固定且單一的形狀如船舶船體和飛機的幀。構(gòu)件和建筑物各部分的設(shè)計就是將與本工程相聯(lián)系的部分間連接在一起，而這通常又被分配到機械設(shè)計中。結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計至少有5個不同階段，所涉及的工作內(nèi)容包括:結(jié)構(gòu)方案的確定、材料的選擇、內(nèi)力分析、設(shè)計。對于特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)和材料測試結(jié)構(gòu)的內(nèi)力強度也應(yīng)包括在內(nèi)。這些階段環(huán)環(huán)相扣,因為不同的材料對結(jié)構(gòu)的方案有著嚴(yán)格的要求,有效的檢測可以改變一個設(shè)計,并最終決定設(shè)計是否適用。通常,多種方案會被擺在一起去取舍，而取舍的決定因素還是成本、安全和適用性。結(jié)構(gòu)工程師最終會在用戶選擇的基礎(chǔ)上再做一些其他的因素要考慮。開始之前設(shè)計、結(jié)構(gòu)工程師必須確定所選擇材料強度、性能等。構(gòu)件必須要有足夠的承載力去抵抗荷載的效應(yīng)。作為專業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計,這個過程可能會改變你對一個已知機械或起重機的承載能力的認(rèn)識。對于傳統(tǒng)的建筑,建筑規(guī)范中的數(shù)據(jù)都是各直轄市、縣、國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提供的最小設(shè)計要求和恒載(居住者的活荷載,雪在屋頂,等等)。而工程師所要做的工作就是將這些荷載(結(jié)構(gòu)的恒載和活載)在結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件上產(chǎn)生的內(nèi)力計算出來，從而確定結(jié)構(gòu)是否有足夠的承載能力去抵抗這些荷載。構(gòu)件尺寸的大小往往會影響結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計。例如,某一類型的橋梁是幾乎不能被接受的,因為構(gòu)件缺乏必要的尺寸要求來抵抗河水對它產(chǎn)生的力。在建筑設(shè)計中，天花板的高度會直接影響到天棚和樓(屋)蓋類型的選擇。此外填充墻的厚度和柱的截面尺寸也可能會影響不同的框架方案的適用性?？萍嫉倪M步創(chuàng)造了許多新型材料,如碳纖維復(fù)合材料、硼等具有優(yōu)良的強度、剛度和抗側(cè)移性能。然而,由于高成本和一些特殊的工藝要求,他們只能在非常有限的領(lǐng)域、專業(yè)內(nèi)得到應(yīng)用。像玻璃纖維這種的增強復(fù)合材料這種現(xiàn)象更常見,往往限于價格而被忽略。而常見的建筑材料如鋼鐵、鋁、鋼筋混凝土、木材、磚等在建筑中的運用是非常普遍的。在實際的結(jié)構(gòu)中各構(gòu)件都會產(chǎn)生一定得內(nèi)力,包括拉伸、壓縮、彎曲(彎、剪、扭矩)等。然而,一個結(jié)構(gòu)方案的選擇將會直接影響這些內(nèi)力的大小，從而影響建筑材料的選擇。一旦一個滿意的方案得到確定,方案的建筑信息必須要準(zhǔn)確的傳導(dǎo)到施工現(xiàn)場而這就要通過圖紙的形式得到實現(xiàn)。在圖紙上標(biāo)注各構(gòu)件的尺寸、材料類型、新材料的規(guī)格,施工中各結(jié)構(gòu)部分在構(gòu)件的緊密聯(lián)系下形成整體，最終完成一項工程的全部工作分 類 號 學(xué) 號 0411030101 學(xué)校代碼 密 級 湖工大商貿(mào)學(xué)院 某集團綜合教學(xué)樓設(shè)計摘 要本計算書是針對湖北工業(yè)大學(xué)商貿(mào)學(xué)院土木工程專業(yè)2004級畢業(yè)設(shè)計——“某中學(xué)教學(xué)樓設(shè)計”的書面成果。本教學(xué)樓為七層鋼筋混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)。平面呈矩形，。結(jié)構(gòu)為三級抗震框架，7度設(shè)防，二類場地土，不考慮地下水影響，地面粗糙度B類。在“建筑設(shè)計”部分中，主要針對設(shè)計初期的幾個建筑方案從各個方面對它們進行比較，并確定最終方案。接下來，針對最終建筑方案，確定了其具體建筑構(gòu)造、做法與材料。在“結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計”部分中，首先確定第④軸橫向框架為本次手算的任務(wù)，明確其計算簡圖與各個計算參數(shù)；然后根據(jù)建筑做法確定其所受荷載，計算梁、柱、板與基礎(chǔ)的內(nèi)力；最后分別進行各構(gòu)件的配筋計算。在“結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計”手算后，進行了“PKPM”電算，以保證計算成果的可靠性。并達到同手算成果對比、分析的目的。根據(jù)任務(wù)書和實際操作性要求，結(jié)構(gòu)采用柱下獨立基礎(chǔ)，中柱采用聯(lián)合基礎(chǔ)。關(guān)鍵字：畢業(yè)設(shè)計，教學(xué)樓，內(nèi)力組合，截面設(shè)計，彎矩分配。AbstractThe calculation report is written for the whose name is “Teaching　Building in XX city”. The building is reinforcement concrete structure with seven stories of　main part. Its ichnography is “L”. The length of the building is , the width is and the height is .In the process of “Architecture Design”, I mainly made a partment about some aspect. Finally, I choose the one of them as the final scheme. After that, I determine the detailed conformation and the material of the building.In the process of “Structure Design”, firstly, I determined to calculate the “4th axes frame” by hand and determined the sketch and the parameters of the frame. Secondly, I determined the loads on the frame and calculated the internal forces of the beams, the planes, the columns and the foundations. Lastly, how much reinforcement is necessary can be determined.In the process of the graduation design, I