【正文】 swim, either.Tom doesn’t like singing. Neither does Lily.Lesson 115 不定代詞的用法1. 構(gòu)成：some/any/no/every + one/body/thing2. 口訣：不定代詞做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)要用三單形式 (除both, all) 如：Every is here. Everybody wants to have lunch in the garden.There is none left.Each of the students has a ticket. 3. 口訣： Do you have anything important to say? Lesson 117 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 1. 表示：過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)正在干的事情2. 構(gòu)成：主+was/were+doing sth. eg： I was watching TV at 8:00 yesterday evening.3. 特點(diǎn)：過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)經(jīng)常同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)句子中，其時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句常用when, while, just as引導(dǎo)。 eg：I was cooking while my husband was watching TV. When I was doing my homework, my mother came in. He was leaving out when the telephone rang. 他正要離開(kāi)突然電話響了。Lesson 119 過(guò)去完成時(shí)1. 表示：過(guò)去的過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。2. 構(gòu)成：主+had done (done 指所有動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞)3. 特點(diǎn)：肯定是復(fù)合句，兩個(gè)句子前后是兩個(gè)動(dòng)作，一個(gè)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，另一個(gè)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)(先發(fā)生)。 例如：When I got home, the train had left. After I had finished my work, I left.第11單元 語(yǔ)法一點(diǎn)通 (L121~132)Lesson 121 定語(yǔ)從句1. 定義：由一個(gè)句子來(lái)充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)稱為定語(yǔ)從句。 2. 位置：通常置于它所修飾的名詞(n.)或代詞(pron.)之后。3. 引導(dǎo)詞：先行詞是人，則用who (充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)) whom (充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)) 先行詞是物，則用which (主/賓) 例：I lost the book which he lent to me. 以此句為例，book為先行詞，which為引導(dǎo)詞（手拉手作用、連接作用）。雖然在定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)成分，但仍要置于主句與從句之間。例： The man who is under the tree is my friend, Tom. （先行詞表人可用that替換，主語(yǔ)不能用whom） He said he is the man who lost the suitcase. （先行詞表人，可用that、whom代替）引導(dǎo)詞作用：① 連接作用； ② 在定語(yǔ)從句中代替先行詞充當(dāng)一個(gè)句子成分。Lesson 123 定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞的省略① 先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可省略。eg: (原句)They are the men who(that)I saw yesterday. (省略) = They are the men I saw yesterday.② 當(dāng)先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)，且當(dāng)從句的時(shí)態(tài)為進(jìn)行時(shí)，引導(dǎo)從句的關(guān)系代詞和be動(dòng)詞可同時(shí)省略。eg： （原句）The men who are repairing the road make all that noise. （復(fù)合句） (省略) The men repairing the road make all that noise. （簡(jiǎn)單句）Lesson 131 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè) （過(guò)去） be , can not be （表示對(duì)有根據(jù)的推論之外）,還可用 主+ may be 或 主 +may+V原形（表示一種可能性） have been , con not have been 外還可用 may have been 例如：①Hemay be tall ,I am not sure . He may be doing his homework ,I am not sure . He may go home . ②. He may have been a manager. 　Lesson 125 must與have to mustHave to定義必須、強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀必要性不得不、強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀情況性質(zhì)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，沒(méi)有人稱、數(shù)與時(shí)態(tài)的變化含有情態(tài)的固定短語(yǔ)，具有have 的各種時(shí)態(tài)搭配must + tohave to/has to do/had to do變疑① Must提句首② 肯定回答 must，否定回答needn’t① 須根據(jù)have具體時(shí)態(tài)選擇助動(dòng)詞② 用什么提問(wèn)，用什么回答變否① mustn’t表示絕對(duì)禁止，不該/不能② needn’t (直接代替must)表示沒(méi)必要，等同于not have to須根據(jù)have具體時(shí)態(tài)選擇助動(dòng)詞的否定形式Lesson 127 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè) 一 （目前/將來(lái)）① 肯定：主 + must be + 表對(duì)目前狀態(tài)的猜測(cè) eg: The man must be Tom. + ving 對(duì)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作猜測(cè) eg: He must be watching TV.must may might （減弱） ② 否定：主 + can’t be + + 表對(duì)目前狀態(tài)的猜測(cè) + ving對(duì)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作猜測(cè)eg：The play can’t be wonderful He can’t be at home now.can’t may not might not （減弱）Lesson 129 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè) 二 （過(guò)去）1. 肯定：主 + must have been have done eg：They must have been waiting for the bus then . They must have gone out. 否定： 主語(yǔ)+ can’t have been have done eg：They cannot have been waiting for the bus then . They cannot have gone out.第12單元 語(yǔ)法一點(diǎn)通(L133~144)Lesson 133 –134 需改變時(shí)態(tài)的間接引語(yǔ)當(dāng)主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，則間接引語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)通常要“往回移”。即：口訣：五種時(shí)態(tài)倒推跑。移動(dòng)方法：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) → 一般過(guò)去時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) → 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) → 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 一般過(guò)去時(shí) → 過(guò)去完成時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí) → 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)在時(shí)態(tài)移動(dòng)的同時(shí)，還要注意人稱的變化。eg：He said, “I am fine.”→ He said (that) he was fine.She said, “I am having dinner.”→ He said(that)he was having dinner.He said, “I have been there.”→ He said (that) he had been there.另：如果直接引語(yǔ)是客觀真理，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)則不變。eg:My teacher said, “The earth goes around the sun.”→ My teacher said that the earth goes around the sun.Lesson 135 –136 間接引語(yǔ)中情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的變化將直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)倒移過(guò)程中，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞同樣也要相應(yīng)的變化。 will can won’t can’t may be going to shall↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓would could wouldn’t couldn’t might would shouldeg: He said, “I will change some money.” → He said that he would change some money.Lesson 137 –138 If 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句口訣：如果主句是將來(lái)時(shí)，則if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。 eg: If he es tomorrow. I’ll tell you.Lesson 139 –140 賓語(yǔ)從句（二）1. 復(fù)習(xí)L99課賓語(yǔ)從句（一）、who、whom 和 which引導(dǎo)外，還可以由 when、why、what、where、how、if、whether引導(dǎo)。eg: I don’t know if you are all right. He wants to know what your name is. Do you know where the park is?引導(dǎo)詞在從句中充當(dāng)成分, 有具體意義, 往往不能省略。 口訣：所有的從句都是陳述句式，特別需注意由直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)的變化。 eg: He asked: “Where will you go?” → He asked where we would go.Lesson 141 –142 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（一）1. 主動(dòng)：I plant a tree. 被動(dòng)： A tree is planted by me. 解釋： 主語(yǔ)是物，與動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，則選用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。2. 結(jié)構(gòu)：be + 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞（所有時(shí)態(tài)都通過(guò)be的變化實(shí)現(xiàn)）A: 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：主 + am/is/are + eg: I make the bed every day. → The bed is make by me every day.B: 一般過(guò)去時(shí)：主+ was /were+ eg: The policeman stopped his car. → His car was stopped by the policeman.注意：⑴沒(méi)有必要或不知道動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)不用by。⑵出于禮貌等方面的原因不愿說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者可省略by。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)用法：⑴動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者未知； ⑵動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者無(wú)需指出；⑶強(qiáng)調(diào)或側(cè)重動(dòng)作承受者； ⑷出于禮貌。Lesson 143 –144 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（二）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)： 主+ have/has been + eg: They have planted those trees. → Those trees have been planted.一般將來(lái)時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)： 主+ will/shall be + eg: I will water the garden soon. → The garden will be watered soon.18