【導(dǎo)讀】澳大利亞，來(lái)一場(chǎng)不一樣的旅行。。。。。。1901年，在澳洲大陸上六個(gè)獨(dú)立的英屬殖民地同意加入一起共同建立一個(gè)新的國(guó)家，澳大利亞聯(lián)邦成立。澳大利亞是“聯(lián)邦制”國(guó)家，這是因?yàn)閼椃ㄒ?guī)定了國(guó)家性質(zhì)。在聯(lián)邦制度下，國(guó)家權(quán)。力劃分中央政府和各州政府。在澳大利亞，國(guó)家權(quán)力由澳大利亞政府和六個(gè)州政府共享。大利亞、西澳大利亞、塔斯馬尼亞;兩個(gè)地區(qū)：北部地方、首都直轄區(qū)。澳大利亞聯(lián)邦的政體為君主立憲制和內(nèi)閣制?，F(xiàn)任澳大利亞君主是女王伊麗莎白二世，她同時(shí)也是英國(guó)和其他英聯(lián)邦王國(guó)的國(guó)家元首。澳大利亞總督代表女王行使權(quán)力，有權(quán)解。散國(guó)會(huì)，但實(shí)務(wù)上僅在總理建議下為之。成員有總理、各部會(huì)首長(zhǎng)和各州州長(zhǎng)?？偠接蓛?nèi)閣提名。眾議院多數(shù)黨組成聯(lián)邦內(nèi)閣，其黨魁為聯(lián)邦總理?！肚斑M(jìn)的澳大利亞》是澳大利亞的國(guó)歌，它是是19世紀(jì)晚期修訂版本的愛(ài)國(guó)歌曲，1984年4月19日正式宣布國(guó)歌。全體澳大利亞人，讓我們快樂(lè)吧！《前進(jìn)，美麗的澳大利亞》。

　　

【正文】 the UK were severed with the passing of the Australia Act 1986, ending any British role in the government of the Australian States, and closing the option of judicial appeals to the Privy Council in London. In a 1999 referendum, 55% of voters and a majority in every state rejected a proposal to bee a republic with a president appointed by a twothirds vote in both Houses of the Australian Parliament. Since the election of the Whitlam Government in 1972, there has been an increasing focus in foreign policy on ties with other Pacific Rim nations, while maintaining close ties with Australia39。s traditional allies and trading partners 26 5 Economy Australia is a wealthy country。 it generates its ine from various sources including miningrelated exports, telemunications, banking and manufacturing. It has a market economy, a relatively high GDP per capita, and a relatively low rate of poverty. The Australian dollar is the currency for the nation, including Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Norfolk Island, as well as the independent Pacific Island states of Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu. With the 2020 merger of the Australian Stock Exchange and the Sydney Futures Exchange, the Australian Securities Exchange became the ninth largest in the world. Ranked third in the Index of Economic Freedom (2020), Australia is the world39。s twelfth largest economy and has thefifth highest per capita GDP (nominal) at $66,984. The country was ranked second in the United Nations 2020 Human Development Index and first in Legatum39。s 2020 Prosperity Index. All of Australia39。s major cities fare well in global parative livability surveys。 Melbourne reached first place on The Economist39。s 2020, 2020 and 2020 world39。s most liveable cities lists, followed by Adelaide, Sydney, and Perth in the fifth, seventh, and ninth places respectively. Total government debt in Australia is about $190 billion – 20% of GDP in 2020. Australia has among the highest house prices and some of the highest householddebt levels in the world. Over the past decade, inflation has typically been 2–3% and the base interest rate 5–6%. The service sector of the economy, including tourism, education, and financial services, accounts for about 70% of GDP. Rich in natural resources, Australia is a major exporter of agricultural products, particularly wheat and wool, minerals such as ironore and gold, and energy in the forms of liquified natural gas and coal. Although agriculture and natural resources account for only 3% and 5% of GDP respectively, they contribute substantially to export performance. Australia39。s largest export markets are Japan, China, the US, South Korea, and New Zealand. Australia is the world39。s fourth largest exporter of wine, and the wine industry contributes $ billion per year to the nation39。s economy. 27 Australia major cities and ports: cities—Canberra, Sydeny, Melbourne, Perth, Brisbane, Adellaide. ports—Sydeny(biggest in AU), Melbourne, Adellaide, Belly Bay, Fremantle, Newcastle, Townsville, Perth. AUDemographics For almost two centuries the majority of settlers, and later immigrants, came from the British Isles. As a result the people of Australia are primarily of British CBD of Sydeny: one of important bussiness centers of Southern hemisphere 28 The 2020 Census asked respondents to provide a maximum of two ancestries with which they most closely identify. The most monly nominated ancestry was English(%), followed by Australian (%), Irish (%), Scottish(%), Italian (%), German (%), Chinese(%), Indian (%), Greek (%), and Dutch(1.7%). Because Australia39。s census doesn39。t ask for racial background, it is unclear how many Australians are descendants of Europeans. Estimates vary from 85% 92%. Asian Australians make up 12% of the population. In 2020, % of Australians were born elsewhere and % of people had at least one overseasborn parent。 the largest immigrant groups were those from the UK,New Zealand, China, India, Italy, Vietnam, and Philippines. Over 80 percent of Australia39。s population is of European ancestry, and most of the rest are of Asian heritage, with a smaller minority of Indigenous background. Following the abolition of the White Australia policy in 1973, numerous government initiatives have been established to encourage and promote racial harmony based on a policy of multiculturalism. In 2020–06, more than 131,000 people emigrated to Australia, mainly from Asia and migration target for 2020–13 is 190,000, pared to 67,900 in 1998–99. 6 Culcture Since 1788, the basis of Australian culture has been strongly influenced by AngloCeltic Western culture. Distinctive cultural features have also arisen from Australia39。s natural environment and Indigenous cultures. Since the mid20th century, American popular culture has strongly influenced Australia, particularly through television and cinema. Other cultural influences e from neighbouring Asian countries, and through largescale immigration from nonEnglishspeaking nations. 29 Arts Australian visual arts are thought to have begun with the cave paintings, rock engravings and body painting of its Indigenous peoples. The traditions of Indigenous Australians are largely transmitted orally, through ceremony and the telling of Dreamtime stories. From the time of European settlement, a major theme in Australian art has been the natural landscape, seen for example in the works of Arthur Streeton, Tom Roberts and others associated with the Heidelberg School, and Albert Namatjira. The country39。s landscape remains a source of inspiration for Australian modernist artists。 it has been depicted in acclaimed works by the likes of Sidney Nolan, Arthur Boyd, Fred Williams, Margaret Preston and Clifton