【正文】 finally, work no longer just serves as a means of existence in a society where　　　expectations are getting higher with rising educational levels.　　　4. To explain the attitude to work of those who suffered the extreme poverty during the Depression, and to　　　contrast this with the attitudes of today39。s younger workers.　　5. According to Maslow, work meets human needs in the following hierarchy: first, it provides such basic　　means as food and shelter。 second, it can provide security。 third, it satisfies the need for friendship and　　connection with others。 fourth, it can help gain respect。 and finally, it can satisfy the desire for　selffulfillment.　　6. Maslow39。s scheme is quoted to explain workers39。 expectations change with social and　　　economic development. Because of these changes, work has different meanings to different groups in　society as they are positioned at different stages in the work hierarchy.　　　7. The women39。s rights movement has made it possible for women to pursue careers, not just work for mere　　　survival. That is to say, they are working at the level of fulfilling themselves, which is the highest in　　　Maslow39。s work hierarchy.　　8. Conditions for some US workers, such as those on assembly lines, may be considered terrible. However, the　　medi workers suffered much more misery than those working on the modern assembly line. A poor　　　Indian rubbish collector lives a more miserable life than a poor American car worker. The average peasant　　in South America works harder than most ofAmericans.　　　9. The author is cautioning that it is important to have a proper sense of perspective about work, before making　　judgments on particular situations.　10. Work is the most thorough and profound organizing principle in American life in that it helps people　　　connect with others in a work munity and, therefore, satisfy their need for friendship and social　　relations.　　　Vocabulary　　1. esteemed 2. stunned 3. notorious 4. conferred　　　5. aspiration 6. diluted 7. hierarchy 8. foremost　　9. asserted 10. arrogant 11. dreadful 12. recycling　Exercises on CD and web course only: 13. intrinsic 14. destructive 15. gossiping　　1. wind up 2. merge with 3. dying off 4. laid off　5. closed down 6. degenerated into 7. in effect 8. apart from　9. irrespective of 10. prone to11. takes a certain amount of people39。s interest out of 12.　kicked around　　　Exercises on CD and web course only: 13. conferred upon 14. in much the same way that 15.　　concentrated upon　　Colocation　　I. stories 2. messages 3, weight 4. meanings　　　5. honor 6. disease 7. electricity 8, tradition　　　Exercises on CD and web course only: 9. interest 10. oxygen　　　Translation　　　I. Those who lead a miserable life often fail to recognize the inherent virtue of work in earning and sustaining　　　their dignity.　2. With the life bettered and levels of education higher, the work ethic is diluted now.　3. The young generation has much difficulty understanding why their ancestors had to focus their minds upon　　　work as the central concern of existence.　　4. According to Maslow, different classes and ethnic groups are positioned at different stages in the work　　hierarchy.　5. In developing countries, many talented young intellectuals flock in droves to America, which forms the　socalled brain drain.　　6. If a country is prone to high inflation, then its currency will have to be dued to maintain the price　petitiveness of its exports.　　　7. One expert in sociology believes that work is a means for people to build relationships. In that sense, the　　　workplace performs the function of a munity.　　　8. The desire to fulfill themselves, a harmless and even worthy enterprise, may sometimes degenerate into a　selfish discontent.　　9. To most Americans today, the blow of being laid off seldom carries the lifeanddeath implications it once　　had.　　　10. Modem workers may have a lot of plaints. But they will feel better when they know that their　　predecessors did work under a far more brutal condition during the early stage of the Industrial Revolution.　Work is not only a means of sustaining life. More importantly, it is the way through which people display　　their talent, realize their ambitions, build relationships and establish social status. If you understand this　　intrinsic value of work, then however dull or hard work may be, it bees bearable if it helps build up a　　reputation, whether in the world at large or only in one39。s own circle. Updating one39。s aim is one of the most　　essential elements of selffulfillment in the long run, and for most people this es chiefly through their work.　　In that sense, work is the most vigorous, vivid sign of life in individuals and in civilizations.　1．對于那些勉強(qiáng)維持生活的人來說，勞動有其固有價值這一觀點(diǎn)顯得荒唐可笑?！?．首批移居美國的人，其勞動的主要動力是為兒孫們創(chuàng)造更好的生活，這樣的動機(jī)使他們從勞動中　獲得了一種強(qiáng)烈的自尊?！?．如果某大公司關(guān)閉了一家工廠，將該廠大量工人拋向失業(yè)者的行列中，那么人們更多地將其歸罪于　　　疲軟的經(jīng)濟(jì)而不是個人?！　　?．同過去相比，今天的勞動者受教育的水平提高了，因而，他們期待更高，興趣各異。　　5．那些雄心勃勃的移民至今依然擁向美國，為安全感而奮斗，而那些試圖“實(shí)現(xiàn)自我’的自私的當(dāng)?shù)亍　　〔柯湓谌艘郧熬偷玫搅诉@種安全感?！　?．那些因工作造成精神缺陷而情緒消沉的美國工人，往往意識不到工作帶來的個人尊嚴(yán)有多么重要?！?．弗洛伊德認(rèn)為，成功人士是那些能夠付出愛心和勞動的人，原因是有了這種能力，任何人都能做一　　　些有益于社會的事情?！　?．從歷史上看，勞動總是同奴役、罪行以及懲處相聯(lián)系，但所有勞動都有其固有的價值，除非是不誠　　　實(shí)的和破壞性勞動?！?．為了生計而勞動，為了創(chuàng)造未來而勞動，使人們的努力具有堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的和道德上的純樸性。10．工人之　間需要聊天、需要往來、需要建立關(guān)系，這些需要使勞動場所成了一個社區(qū)。　 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. D 8. C 9. A　　　10. D 11. C 12. B 13. B 14, C 15. A 16. D 17. C 　19. B 20, A　StructuredWriting　With the development of a market economy in China, some traditional values are being changed or lost, to　　　be replaced quickly by new ones. First, the value of modesty has been replaced by selfdisplay. The　traditional Chinese economic system made it necessary for people to remain modest in social life, because they　　　did not have to show off their personal ambitions to earn a living. But, in today39。s job market, if you remain　　modest as tradition has required, you may give the prospective boss an i