【正文】 avoid, stop, advise, consider, escape, miss, imagine, risk, excuse, prevent, encourage, appreciate, understand, resist, keep on, give up, put off, get through, can39。t help, burst out等。如：My wife suggested spending the weekend with her parents.我妻子建議和她父母一起過周末。He avoided giving us a definite answer.他避免給我們一個明確的答復(fù)。Would you mind filling in the form？請?zhí)钜幌卤砗脝?？【注】介詞（除but，except以外）后面的動詞一律用動名詞形式。but與no，not any，all等連用時是介詞，但其后的動詞不用動名詞，而用不定式，不定式帶to還是不帶to要根據(jù)but前有沒有do，does或did，如有，則不帶to，反之則帶to，這是介詞中的一個特殊情況。如：On hearing the news, she couldn39。t help laughing.一聽到這消息，她禁不住地笑了起來。She could do nothing butcry.她別無辦法，只能哭?！咀ⅰ吭趌ove，like，dislike，hate，prefer等詞后，如果表示一般情況或籠統(tǒng)概念，多用動名詞作賓語，如指特定或具體某次行動，用不定式更多一些。試比較：I hate speaking before a big audience.我不喜歡在大庭廣眾面前講話。I hate to say so, but I really can39。t go.我不愿意這樣說，但我確實不能去?！咀ⅰ縿釉~remember，regret后接動名詞作賓語時表示以前做過的事，接不定式表示需要做的事。如：I forgot seeing her before but she remembered seeing me.我忘了以前見過她，但她記得見過我。I forgot to close the window and it39。s so windy.我忘了關(guān)窗了，而風(fēng)又這么大?！咀ⅰ縿釉~后面跟不定式作賓語表示“盡力做某事”，跟動名詞作賓語表示“試試做某事”。如：They tried to solve the problem.他們努力想解決這個問題。Let39。s try knocking at the back window.我們敲敲后窗試試看?！咀ⅰ縿釉~mean后面跟不定式作賓語表示“打算”“意欲”，跟動名詞作賓語表示“意味著”。如：What he said meant putting off the meeting.他的話的意思是推遲會議。I didn39。t mean to hurt you.我并不想傷害你?！咀ⅰ縿釉~want后面跟不定式的主動形式，不定式與主語具有主動關(guān)系，接不定式被動形式時，與主語是被動關(guān)系；接動名詞時，則動名詞與主語具有動賓關(guān)系，即相互間為被動關(guān)系，這時，want=need=require。He wants to repair my bike.他想為我修理自行車。The bike wants／needs／requires repairing.=The bike wants／needs／requires to be repaired.自行車需要修理?！咀ⅰ縿釉~continue及動詞短語go on后面接動名詞時，表示“繼續(xù)做某件已開始做但還未做完的事”，接不定式表示做完了前一件事之后“接著做另一件事”。如：Let39。s go on doing the problem.我們繼續(xù)做這道題。Let39。s go on to do the next problem.我們接著做下一道題?！咀ⅰ恳话闱闆r下動詞begin和start既可接不定式又可接動名詞，且意義相同，但下面情況下，一般用不定式作賓語：①主語是物不是人；②用于進行時態(tài)；③作賓語的動詞表示情感、思想或意念等。如：The weather began／started to get fine.天氣開始轉(zhuǎn)晴。He is beginning to cook the dinner.他開始做晚飯。I began to see／understand／realize I was mistaken.我開始明白我錯了?！咀ⅰ縿釉~learn后面接不定式表示“學(xué)會做某事”，接動名詞表示“學(xué)習(xí)做某事”。如：Where did you learn to swim？你在什么地方學(xué)會游泳的？Having learned to swim, he went to learn skating.學(xué)會游泳后，他接著學(xué)滑冰。【注】stop doing表示“停止做某事”，stop為及物動詞，doing作賓語，stop to do表示“停下來所做的事去做另一件事”，to do作狀語，表示目的。She wouldn39。t stop studying for even a day.她連一天都不愿停止學(xué)習(xí)。We were lost and had to stop to ask the way.我們迷路了，只好停下來問路。c．動名詞短語在句中作表語。如：His dream is flying a Boeing jet plane when he grows up.他的夢想是長大以后開波音飛機。What we are seeking is making progress every day.我們每天在追求的是天天向上。15這里a little 是一個副詞性短語，作狀語，修飾不及物動詞helped。a．a(chǎn) little作狀語時可修飾形容詞、副詞、介詞短語或動詞。如：I39。m feeling a little 。He39。s a little sorry for 。You are walking a little 。They taste a little like our pies.這些東西嘗起來有點兒像我們的果醬。I like her a ?！咀ⅰ縜 little有時可單獨用于省略句，后面省去了上文出現(xiàn)過的某個名詞、形容詞或副詞等。如：Are you hungry？ Yes, a little.“你餓了嗎？”“是的，有點兒?！保╝ little = I39。m a little hungry）Can you speak Japanese？ Yes, but only a little.“你能講日語嗎？”“是的，不過只能講一點兒?！保╞ut only a little=but I can speak only a little Japanese）b．a(chǎn) little還可用作代詞，常在句中作賓語：如：Would you like some more coffee？ Just a little, thinks.“你還要咖啡嗎？”“一點點就行，謝謝?！盩ell me a hale about his 。Give me a little of that 。16a．boring是形容詞，相當(dāng)于uninteresting or dull，表示“無趣的”“無聊的”“令人生厭的”。如：The lesson was really boring.那堂課真是乏味極了。That39。s a boring job／film／person.那是件枯燥的工作／部乏味的電影／個無聊的人。b．bored也是形容詞，相當(dāng)于uninterested or tired，表示“厭煩的”“不感興趣的”，指人的感受。如：She39。s very bored with her work.她對自己的工作不感興趣。I was bored with his endless talk.我對他無休止的談話厭煩透了。There39。s a bored look on his face.他臉上有厭煩的表情。c．動詞bore表示“使（人）厭煩”。如：He bored us by talking about.我們對他的閑扯感到厭煩。17 Wei Ming feels ?！咀⒁狻縟ifferently不同地，有區(qū)別地，副詞【點撥】different，difference，differently（1）different形容詞，“不同的”；be different from“和……不同”。（2）difference名詞，“不同點”（3）differently副詞，“不同地，有區(qū)別地”【應(yīng)用】（1）This book is different from that 。（2）There are lots of differences between 。（3）Li Lei said 。17a．has been learning是現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài)，表示learn的動作在過去的六年里一直持續(xù)，直到現(xiàn)在，并仍將持續(xù)下去?，F(xiàn)在完成進行時是由“助動詞have（當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時用has）＋been＋動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。以動詞work為例，現(xiàn)在完成進行時的結(jié)構(gòu)可以用圖表顯示如下：Ihavebeen workingWehaveYouhaveTheyhaveHehasShehasIthasb．現(xiàn)在完成進行時是用來表示發(fā)生在過去、一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且還有可能繼續(xù)下去的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。如：The young man has been writing for more than three hours.那個年輕人已經(jīng)寫作了三個多小時了。They have been looking for the man for six years.他們尋找那個人已有六年了。The boy has been crying for his mother.那個小孩哭著要媽媽。We have been trying to be the first one.我們一直在爭做第一名。18great在這里相當(dāng)于very good，表示“極好的”。great在不同的語境中可表示不同的意思。請理解以下句子中g(shù)reat的含義。We had a great time on the holidays.假期中我們過得很愉快。There39。s going to be an English evening tonight. That39。s great!“今晚有個英語晚會。”“太好了！”I had great difficulty in getting there.我費了好大的勁兒才到達那兒。He39。s great （=good） at telling 。He39。s really great at playing the violin.他的小提琴拉得真好。You are sure to have a great future.你一定會前途無量的。It39。s great to see you again.又見到你，真是太好了。19句中the actors是watch的賓語，say the words是賓語補足語，指賓語the actors的動作。不定式say前省略了符號to。a．watch接動詞不定式作賓語補足語時，表示動作發(fā)生的全過程，該不定式前符號to通常省略。如：They watched her get into her car.他們看著她坐進了轎車。（看著她由開門、坐進去等一連串動作的發(fā)生到結(jié)束）I like to watch children play football.我喜歡觀看小孩子們玩足球。（觀看他們由開始玩直至結(jié)束）【注】watch之后作賓語補足語的動詞不定式短語，其符號to在主動語態(tài)中必須省略；在被動語態(tài)中不能省略。如：We watched him e in and go upstairs.我們看著他進來并且上了樓。He was watched to e in and go u