【正文】 rescue CP from serious troubles. Leech also argues that CP and PP are often in conflict during conversation, pelling those engaged in interaction to sacrifice one or the other. In professional settings, Myers (1989) elaborates western politeness in scientific articles and provided a framework to see politeness strategies in the regularities of scientific style。 Garcia (1989) analyzes the use of apology by native and nonnative English speakers。 Maier (1992) inquires into the politeness strategies in business letters by native and nonnative English speakers. Pilegaard (1997) discusses politeness and politeness strategies in written business discourse from a text linguistic perspective. Yeung (1997) probes politeness requests in Chinese and English business correspondences in Hong Kong. Studies at homeIn China, the concept of politeness can be traced back to the notion of 1i(禮)，originated by the ancient Chinese philosopher and thinker Confucius. It refers to thesocial hierarchy and order of the slave society in Zhou Dynasty. (He Zhaoxiong, 1995) It can be seen that the Chinese notion of politeness has a strong trace of moral and political goals as it helps to maintain social hierarchy and order. And Chinese scholars often take politeness as a political or moral issue rather than a linguistic one. This is also the tradition of politeness study in Chinese culture, that is, the politeness study inChinese culture is prescriptive instead of descriptive. About two hundred years after Confucius, the word 1i seems to have been used in a sense very close to its derivative limao, which is first found in the book The Book of Rites. The equivalent of politeness in modern Chinese, li mao(禮貌)，is believed to be derived from this notion.However, the actual study of politeness didi not begin until the 1980s when pragmatics was introduced into China. With the upsurge of pragmatics in China,the research on politeness can be roughly divided into two categories: one is planted the domestic culture according to the Chinese traditional politeness to improve imported theory to meet the changing needs, mainly reflected on the analysis and expression of address form and euphemism. The other is trying to launch the relevant research using overseas achievement in this field for reference.Some scholars (. He Zhaoxiong, 1989。 He Ziran, 1987。 Chen Rong, 1986) have introduced what had been found in the study of politeness in the West. So far, some famous scholars who bine western politeness theories with Chinese and make a lot of achievements are Liu Runqing, Xu Shenghuan and Gu Yueguo.Professor Liu Runqing (1987) notices that the Leech39。s politeness principle puts more constraints on the utterance than Grice39。s cooperative principle. And he also notices that the six maxims of Leech39。s politeness principle are inconsistent with each other. Xu Shenghuan (1992) criticizes the flaw of Leech39。s theory on politeness. He finds that Leech only pays attention to self and other in PP, but overlooks the third party in conversation. Therefore, he also puts forward a new politeness principle, taking self, other and the third party into consideration. Gu Yueguo, more selfcreative, is the first one in China to take up politeness phenomena in modern Chinese as the sole subject of study and has made a lot of inspiring observations about politeness in modern Chinese. Owing to the improperness of the Face Theory proposed by Brown and Levinson in China, Chinese scholar, Gu Yueguo (1992) puts forward his own politeness principle and its maxims which are very suitable in Chinese culture: respectfulness, modesty, attitudinal warmth, and refinement. (He Zhaoxiong, 1995) He Ziran (1997) lays down a view that politeness is a social phenomenon, a means to achieve good interpersonal relationships, and a norm imposed by social conventions.
Chen Rong (1993) focuses on foodsupplying and Chinese politeness。 Liao Chaochin(1994) investigates the strategies, maxims and development of refusal in Mandarin Chinese. Pan Yuling (2002) studies politeness in Chinese facetoface interaction. Some concentrate on the contrastive analysis of politeness in different cultures. (Wang Yaping, 2003)As mentioned above, on one hand, politeness theory is mainly applied to daily munication discourses while oral business negotiation is left with much less attention. On the other hand, as many of their studies are largely restricted to its managerial and strategic aspects while most of the scholars in managerial field concentrated on the use of strategies without the support of detailed language data. This thesis will conduct a further and prehensive study in linguistic strategies of politeness theories in business negotiations with the regard to lexicon, tense, voice,and other syntactic devices.Chapter Three Theoretical Foundations Four Main Views of Politeness TheoriesBy what the author has reviewed in the last chapter, definitely, more and more scholars have focused their attention on the phenomenon of politeness. Many Linguists attempt to explain politeness from different perspectives and at various levels. However, there is still a lack of general consensus regarding the essence ofpoliteness. In 1990, Fraser groups the four main approaches accounting for politeness: the social norm view, the conversationalmaxim view, the facesaving view and the conversationalcontract view. (Fraser, 1990)According to Fraser (1990:221), the socialnorm approach has few adherents among current researchers. The socialnorm view is the traditional view of politeness equated with formality and social class, which deals primarily with social desirable behavior and the language at the level of set phrases.The conversationalmaxim view is mainly based on Grice39。s Cooperative Principle, that is, the notion that there are certain maxims that guide and constrain our munication. If the speaker violates these maxims, and the hearer must