【正文】 ercultivation(%)and, to a lesser extent, overgrazing(%).Overall, it is clear that Europe suffered more from farmland degradation than the other regions, and the main causes there were deforestation and overcultivation.劍8 TEST2The three pie charts below show the changes in annual spending by a particular UK school in 1981,1991,and 2001. The charts show how much a UK school apent on different running costs in three aeparate years:1981,1991 and 2001.In all three years, the greatest expenditure was on staff salaries. But while other workers’ salaries saw a fall from 28% in 1981 to only 15% of spending in 2001, teachers。 pay remained the biggest cost, reaching 50% of total spending in 1991 and ending at 45% in 2001.Expenditure on resources such as books had increased to 20% by 1991 before decreasing to only 9% by the end of the period. In contrast, the cost of furniture and equipment saw an oppsite trend. This cost decreased to only 5% of total expenditure in 1991 but rose dramatically in 2001 when it represented 23% of the school budget. Similarly, the cost of insurance saw a rising trend, growing from only 2% to 8% by 2001.Overall, teachers’ salaries constitutes the largest cost to the school, and while spending increased dramatically for equipment and in surance, there were corresponding drops on expenfiture on things such as books and on other workers’ salsaries.劍雅8 TEST 4The graph below shows the quantities of goods transport in the UK between 1974 and 2002 by four different modes of transport. The graph illustrates the quantities of goods transported in the United kingdom by four different modes of transport between the time period of 1974 and 2002. Over this span of 28 years, the quantities of goods transported by road, water and pipeline have all increased while the quantities transported by rail has remained almost constrant at about 40 million tonnes.The largest quantities of goods transported both in 1997 and 2002 was by road(70 million tonnes and 98 million tonnes respectively) while the lowest both in 1974 and 2002 was bi pipeline(about 5 million tonnes and 22 million tonnes respectively). The amount of goods transported by water was constant from 1974 to 1978, where it plateaued for about 20 years before starting to rise gradually again.The amount of goods transported by rail is almost constant at 40 million tons in 1974 and 2002, with decreases in quantity in between the years. It is also interesting to note that almost all showed a decrease in 1994 in amount of goods transported except for the pipeline, which actually peaked in that year.In conclusion the road remains the most popular method of transporting goods in the UK while water and pipelines are being increasingly used, have not bee more popular as a method of transport. (band 8)9. 劍雅9劍9 test 2 task 1The chart below shows the total number of minutes(in billions)of telephone calls in the UK, divided into three categories, from 19952002The chart shows the time spent by UK residents on different types of telephone calls between 1995 and 2002.Local fixed line calls were the highest throughout the period, rising from 72 billion minutes in 1995 to just under 90 billion in 1998. After peaking at 90 billion the following year,these calls had fallen back to the 1995 figure by 2002.National and international fixed line calls grew steadily from 38 billion to 61 billion at the end of the period in question, though the growth slowed over the last two years.There was a dramatic increase in mobile calls from 2 billion to 46 billion rise was particularly noticeable between 1999 and 2002, during which time the use of mobile phones tripled.To sum up, although local fixed line calls were still the most popular in 2002, the gap between the three categories had narrowed considerably over the second half of the period in question.劍9 test 4 task 1 The graph below gives information from a 2008 report about consumption of energy in the USA since 1980 with projections until 2030. The graph shows energy consumption in the US from 1980 to 2012, and projected consumption to 2030.Petrol and oil are the dominant fuel sources throughout this period, with 35 quadrillion (35q) units used in 1980，rising to 42q in 2012. Despite some initial fluctuation, from 1995 there was a steady increase. This is expected to continue, reaching 47q in 2030.Consumption of energy derived from natural gas and coal is similar over the period. From 20q and 15q respectively in 1980，gas showed an initial fall and coal a gradual increase，with the two fuels equal between 1985 and 1990. Consumption has fluctuated since 1990 but both now provide 24q. Coal is predicted to increase steadily to 31q in 2030, whereas after 2014, gas will remain stable at 25q.In 1980, energy from nuclear, hydro and solar/wind power was equal at only 4q. Nuclear has risen by 3q, and solar/wind by 2. After slight increases, hydropower has fallen back to the 1980 figure. It is expected to maintain this level until 2030, while the others should rise slightly after 2025.Overall, the US will continue to rely on fossil fuels, with sustainable and nuclear energy sources remaining relatively insignificant.10. 劍雅10劍10 test 2 task 1 The tables below give information about sales of Fairtrade*labelled tea and pineapples in 2010 and 2015 in five European countries.Sales of Fairtradelabelled tea and pineapples (2010 amp。 2015)*Fairtrade: a category of products for which farmers from developing countries have been paid an officially agreed fair price.The two tables contain sales data for Fairtrade tea and pineapples in 2010 and 2015, in five nations of Europe.The first table shows lowlevel tea sales increasing in all five countries, albeit to widely varying degrees. In two places sales increased by the same small amount: million euros in Germany, and million in Norway. The increment was slightly larger in Netherlands, from million euros. Meanwhile, in Austria sales doubled from 48 million euros. Finally, in France th