【導(dǎo)讀】美國人的歷史沒那么長，只有幾百年，不像我們傳說中光看神仙下棋就能看個(gè)好幾千年的）。出暴亂的暴徒外，就是野蠻的紅皮人，他們會(huì)說“什么，美國人也會(huì)寫東西！”但是歐文的出現(xiàn)改。文學(xué)和美國的經(jīng)濟(jì)軍事一樣，超越了歐洲，在世界范圍內(nèi)占著舉足輕重的地位。據(jù)說使他走向文學(xué)生涯的是他和他老婆的一次爭執(zhí)，當(dāng)時(shí)美國盛行盜版，從英國和歐。或不愿意和原作者取得聯(lián)系，所以就自行其是，大印特印。他有一次因?yàn)榫芙^繳稅而被拘留一天。因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為他交的稅變成美國侵略墨西哥和印第。能沒有能力抵抗政府的錯(cuò)誤，但是可以拒絕為政府服務(wù)。金所采用，成為他們解放本民族的重要武器。參與過審判女巫的案子中，當(dāng)時(shí)對女巫的審判就是將嫌疑人抓住后一頓折磨，受不了折磨的女人，在愛妻死后沒有幾年，坡就因?yàn)檫^度酗酒倒在陰溝里，不治身亡，他至死

　　

【正文】 and translating。 of Addison, Steele and Swift. （ 2） three groups of poems: Essay on Criticism （ manifesto of neoclassicism） 。 f. The Rape of Lock。 of two epics. （ 3） His contribution: heroic couplet—finish, elegance, wit, pointedness。 . （ 4） weakness: lack of imagination. 2. Addison and Steele （ 1） Richard Steele: poet, playwright, essayist, publisher of newspaper. （ 2） Joseph Addison: studies at Oxford, secretary of state, created a literary periodical ―Spectator‖ （ with Steele, 1711） （ 3） Spectator Club. （ 4） The significance of their essays. a. Their writings in ―The Tatler‖, and ―The Spectator‖ provide a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie. b. They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century. c. In their hands, the English essay pletely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story telling, they ushered in the dawn of the modern novel. 3. Samuel Johnson—poet, critic, essayist, lexicographer, editor. （ 1） Life: at Oxford。 a living by writing and translating。 great cham of literature. （ 2） works: poem （ The Vanity of Human Wishes, London） 。 criticism （ The Lives of great Poets） 。 preface. （ 3） The champion of neoclassical ideas. of Satire: Jonathan Swift. : （ 1） born in Ireland。 （ 2） studies at Trinity College。 （ 3） worked as a secretary。 （ 4） the chief editor of The Examiner。 （ 5） the Dean of St. Patrick39。s in Dublin. 2. Works: The Battle of Books, A Tale of a Tub, A Modest Proposal, Gulliver39。s Travels. 3. Gulliver39。s Travels. Part I. Satire—the Whig and the Tories, Anglican Church and Catholic Church. Part II. Satire—the legal system。 condemnation of war. Part III. Satire—ridiculous scientific experiment. Part IV. Satire—mankind. Novels of Realistic tradition. 1. The Rise of novels. （ 1） Early forms: folk tale – fables – myths – epic – poetry – romances – fabliaux – novelle imaginative nature of their material. （ imaginative narrative） （ 2） The rise of the novel novel in Spain and England （ 16th century） : Of or relating to a genre of prose fiction that originated in Spain and depicts in realistic detail the adventures of a roguish hero, often with satiric or humorous effects. : Arcadia. c. Addison and Steele: The Spectator. （ plot and characterization and realism） （ 3） novel and drama （ 17the century） 2. Daniel Defoe—novelist, poet, pamphleteer, publisher, merchant, journalist.） （ 1） Life: career。 career。 in politics. （ 2） Robinson Cusoe. a. the story. b. the significance of the character. c. the features of his novels. d. the style of language. 3. Henry Fielding—novelist. （ 1） Life: dramatic career。 career。 writing career. （ 2） works. （ 3） Tom Jones. plot。 : Tom, Blifil, Sophia。 . （ 4） the theory of realism. （ 5） the style of language. V. Writers of Sentimentalism. 1. Introduction 2. Samuel Richardson—novelist, moralist （ One who is unduly concerned with the morals of others.） （ 1） Life: book seller。 writer. （ 2） Pamela, Virtue Rewarded. story significance Pamela was a new thing in these ways: a） It discarded the ―improbable and marvelous‖ acplishments of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people. b） Its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction. c） It described not only the sayings and doings of characters but their also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psychoanalytical novel. 3. Oliver Goldsmith—poet and novelist. A. Life: in Ireland。 singer and taleteller, a life of vagabondage。 。 Literary Club。 miserable life。 f. the most lovable character in English literature. B. The Vicar of Wakefield. 。 signicance. Drama of the 18th century 1. The decline of the drama 2. Richard Brinsley Sheriden A. life. B. works: Rivals, The School for Scandals. C. significance of his plays. a. The Rivals and The School for Scandal are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English edy. b. In his plays, morality is the constant theme. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day. c. Sheridan39。s greatness also lies in his theatrical art. He seems to have inherited from his parents a natural ability and inborn knowledge about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a wellversed theatrical man. d. His plots are wellanized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays. Chapter 6 English Literature of the Romantic Age 1. Historical Background 2. Literary Overview: Romanticism Characteristics of Romanticism: （ 1） The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings （ 2） The creation of a world of imagination （ 3） The return to nature for material （ 4） Sympathy with the humble and glorification of the monplace （ 5） Emphasis upon the expression of individual genius （ 6） The return to Milton and the Elizabethans for literary models （ 7） The interest in old stories and medieval romances （ 8） A sense of melancholy and loneliness （ 9） The rebellious spirit 1. Robert Burns （ 1） Life: French Revolution （ 2） F