【導讀】conversation;second,howtokeepitgoing;andthird,howtoendit.them."Oh,I'vebeentoMiami!"Then,"Iwasborn. ". when,where,andwhyquestions.makesyoulooksmall.

　　

【正文】 ures, students speak out only after the teacher has spoken to them. Most classroom interaction in Vietnam is tightly controlled by the teacher, according to Andersen and Powell. The esteem in which teachers are held also varies culturally. The Vietnamese have a great deal of respect for their instructors and consider them to be honored members of society, according to researchers Samovar and Porter. They see instructors as symbols of learning and culture. in Germany, students value the personal opinions of their instructors, and it is not customary to disagree with or contradict teachers. Israeli students, on the other hand, can criticize an instructor if they feel that he or she is wrong about some issue or information, according to Samovar and Porter. There are many other ways that culture can affect interaction and munication between teachers and students in the classroom. This lecture has covered differences in only one or two classroom rituals and pointed out the difference in the ways students from different cultures participate or municate with the teacher during class. However, from this brief consideration of classroom munication, you should begin to see that learning a language involves more than studying the vocabulary, idioms, and the grammar of the language. There are many culturespecific patterns of munication, such as the patterns of classroom munication, that a student of a second or foreign language must also learn. Unit Five Listening Task Listening Skills . Be An Effective Listener How important is the role of listening? To answer this question, let39。s first take a look at some figures: about 55 of the onthejob munication time is spent on listening, 23% on speaking, 13. 3% on reading and about 8. 4 on writing. You can easily see that listening and speaking take about 80% of the total time people spend on their job munication. Listening well is not easy, and many people are not very good at it. Businesses spend thousands of dollars every year to send employees to seminars and workshops on listening skills. One leading management consultant estimated that each listening mistake made an employee costs a pany an average of $15 in lost time, materials, and other costs. How much do you think it costs a pany, for example, when a delivery person is told to check the oil in the pany van before setting out on a round of errands neglects to do this and the motor burns out? Suppose an office worker in a large retail store is told to post a sales ad and distribute a copy of it to each cashier. If she fails to hear the second part of the instructions and cashiers continue to charge regular prices, how much would the pany lose in good will? Because such mistakes occur frequently in nearly every pany, millions of dollars may be lost each day because of listening errors. You do not have to be part of this costly problem. You can learn and master the listening skills that will add greatly to your value as an employee and as a friend. Here are some strategies you will need: One, be helpful. Be helpful to the person speaking to you by using nonverbal behavior that shows you are paying attention. ? Indicate that you have all the time in the world to listen. Don39。t look at your watch, clean your nails, or doodle. Face the speaker, and maintain frequent eye contact. ? If you can, make sure the setting for the conversation is free of distractions. If there is a lot of background noise, move closer to the person speaking to you so that you can hear better. Two, be empathetic. Make sure your response is appropriate to the speaker and situation. ? Try to determine the person39。s purpose for speaking. Don39。t start to give advice like Well, you could. . . or What you really need to do is... when the person merely wants you to listen. ? Ask how the person feels, and show that you care by the tone of your voice. ? Show interest and concern if things have not been going well for the other person. ? If some event, problem, or worry was mentioned in a previous conversation, recall what was said and ask a question about it. ? Restate in your own words the kinds of feelings that the speaker seems to be ex pressing. For example, you may show your empathy by saving: It must have been a real shock when. . . or That must have been really discouraging for you. . . ? Watch nonverbal cues especially if they rim counter to the speakers words. In such a situation, your response may sound like this: You say you39。re fine, but you39。ve been looking awfully tired and tense lately. Is there anything else going on? Three, be attentive. Show that you really understand the points the speaker is trying to make. ? Don39。t rush to state a Judgment. Wait to express your reaction until the other person has finished talking.. ? Restate the speaker39。s position before you disagree with it, like this: If I under stand you correctly, you39。re really against this because you think. . .It seems to me, however... ? Show respect for the speaker39。s information or point of view. Involve him or her in whatever followup seems appropriate. Say, you39。ve described the problem well. Do you have any ideas about how we can solve it? ? Ask for background, like this: You39。ve described the problem. Can you explain how it developed? What went wrong, and when? ? Encourage the speaker to see the issue from. other perspectives or points of view: Say, you39。ve described all the problems with the new procedures, but have you noticed any advantages or improvements? Four, be responsive. Show that you are not only