【導(dǎo)讀】Hi,um…Soyourfocusison…wait…aboutit…Really?!Right,abstracts!Sure,er…thenwriteaboutit?

　　

【正文】 and female, eat, play, work and nurture the young together. Because the climate is so harsh, cooperation increases the survival rate of the Olympic marmots. They keep their young at home until they are physically able to survive on their own. This could explain why the social behavior of the Olympic marmots is so unlike that of the Eastern marmots. TPO2 Conversation 1 Narrator Listen to a conversation between a student and a professor. Student Uh, excuse me, Professor Thompson. I know your office hours are tomorrow, but I was wondering if you had a few minutes free now to discuss something. Professor Sure, John. What did you want to talk about? Student Well, I have some quick questions about how to write up the research project I did this semester—about climate variations. Professor Oh, yes. You were looking at variations in climate in the Grant City area, right? How far along have you gotten? Student I‘ve got all my data, so I‘m starting to summarize it now, preparing graphs and stuff. But I‘m just. . . I‘m looking at it and I‘m afraid that it‘s not enough, but I‘m not sure what else to put in the report. Professor I hear the same thing from every student. You know, you have to remember now that you‘re the expert on what you‘ve done. So, think about what you‘d need to include if you were going to explain your research project to someone with general or casual knowledge about the subject, like . . . like your parents. That‘s usually my rule of thumb: would my parents understand this? Student OK. I get it. Professor I hope you can recognize by my saying that how much you do know about the subject. Student Right. I understand. I was wondering if I should also include the notes from the research journal you suggested I keep. Professor Yes, definitely. You should use them to indicate what your evolution in thought was through time. So, just set up, you know, what was the purpose of what you were doing—to try to understand the climate variability of this area—and what you did, and what your approach was. Student OK. So, for example, I studied meteorological records。 I looked at climate charts。 I used different methods for analyzing the data, like certain statistical tests。 and then I discuss the results. Is that what you mean? Professor Yes, that‘s right. You should include all of that. The statistical tests are especially important. And also be sure you include a good reference section where all your published and unpublished data came from, ?cause you have a lot of unpublished climate data. Student Hmm . . . something just came into my mind and went out the other side. Professor That happens to me a lot, so I‘ve e up with a pretty good memory management tool. I carry a little pad with me all the time and jot down questions or ideas that I don‘t want to fet. For example, I went to the doctor with my daughter and her baby son last week and we knew we wouldn‘t remember everything we wanted to ask the doctor, so we actually made a list of five things we wanted answers to. Student A notepad is a good idea. Since I‘m so busy now at the end of the semester, I‘m getting pretty fetful these days. OK. I just remembered what I was trying to say before. Professor Good. I was hoping you‘d e up with it. Student Yes. It ends up that I have data on more than just the immediate Grant City area, so I also included some regional data in the report. With everything else it should be a pretty good indicator of the climate in this part of the state. Professor Sounds good. I‘d be happy to look over a draft version before you hand in the final copy, if you wish. Student Great. I‘ll plan to get you a draft of the paper by next Friday. Thanks very much. Well, see ya. Professor OK. TPO2 Lecture 1 Philosophy Narrator Listen to part of a lecture in a philosophy class. Professor OK. Another ancient Greek philosopher we need to discuss is Aristotle—Aristotle‘s ethical theory. What Aristotle‘s ethical theory is all about is this: he‘s trying to show you how to be happy—what true happiness is. Now, why is he interested in human happiness? It‘s not just because it‘s something that all people want to aim for. It‘s more than that. But to get there we need to first make a very important distinction. Let me introduce a couple of technical terms: extrinsic value and intrinsic value. To understand Aristotle‘s interest in happiness, you need to understand this distinction. Some things we aim for and value, not for themselves but for what they bring about in addition to themselves. If I value something as a means to something else, then it has what we will call ―extrinsic value.‖ Other things we desire and hold to be valuable for themselves alone. If we value something not as a means to something else, but for its own sake, let us say that it has ―intrinsic value.‖ Exercise. There may be some people who value exercise for itself, but I don‘t. I value exercise because if I exercise, I tend to stay healthier than I would if I didn‘t. So I desire to engage in exercise and I value exercise extrinsically . . . not for its own sake, but as a means to something beyond it. It brings me good health. Health. Why do I value good health? Well, here it gets a little more plicated for me. Um, health is important for me because I can‘t . . .do other things I want to do— play music, teach philosophy—if I‘m ill. So health is important to me—has value to me—as a means to a productive life. But health is also important to me because I just kind of like to be healthy—it feels good. It‘s pleasant to be healthy, unpleasant not to be. So to some degree I value health both for itself and as a means to something else: productivity. It‘s got extrinsic and intrinsic value for me. Then