【正文】 id nothing special to their state of physiological activity. Experiments have also cast serious doubt on the belief that yawning is triggered by a drop in blood oxygen or a rise in blood carbon dioxide. 9 3. The word “flaw” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○fault ○aspect ○confusion ○mystery 4. In paragraph 2 why does the author note that there were physiological changes when subjects opened their mouths or breathed deeply? ○To present an argument in support of the tiredness theory ○To cast doubt on the reliability of the tests that measured heart rate, muscle tension and skin conductance ○To argue against the hypothesis that yawning provides a special way to improve alertness or raise physiological activity ○To support the idea that opening the mouth or breathing deeply can affect blood oxygen levels 5. The word “triggered” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○removed ○followed ○increased ○caused 6. Paragraph 2 answers all of the following questions about yawning EXCEPT ○Does yawning increase alertness or physiological activity? ○Does thinking about yawning increase yawning over not thinking about yawning? ○Does the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the air affect the rate at which people yawn? ○Does the rate of breathing affect the rate at which people yawn? paragraph 3 A pletely different theory holds that yawning assists in the physical development of the lungs early in life, but has no remaining biological function in adults. It has been suggested that yawning and hiccupping might serve to clear out the fetus s airways. The lungs of a fetus secrete a liquid that mixes with its mother39。s amniotic fluid Babies with congenital blockages that prevent this fluid from escaping from their lungs are sometimes born with deformed lungs. It might be that yawning helps to clear out the lungs by periodically lowering the pressure in them. According to this theory, yawning in adults is just a developmental fossil with no biological function. But, while accepting that not everything in life can be explained by Darwinian evolution, there are sound reasons for being skeptical of theories like this one, which avoid the issue of what yawning does for adults. Yawning is distracting, consumes energy and takes time. It is almost certainly doing something significant in adults as well as in fetuses. What could it be? 7. The word “periodically in the passage is closest in meaning to ○continuously ○quickly ○regularly ○carefully 8. According to the developmental theory of yawning presented in paragraph 3. what is the 10 role of yawning? ○It causes hiccups which aid in the development of the lungs. ○It controls the amount of pressure the lungs place on other developing ans ○It prevents amniotic fluid from entering the lungs. ○It removes a potentially harmful fluid from the lungs 9. Paragraph 3 supports which of the following statements about the developmental theory of yawning? ○The theory is attractive because it explains yawning from the perspective of Darwinian evolution ○The theory is unsatisfactory because it cannot explain the lung deformities of infants ○The theory is questionable because it does not explain why a useless and inconvenient behavior would continue into adulthood ○The theory is inplete because it does not explain all the evolutionary stages in the development of yawning paragraph 4 The empirical evidence, such as it is, suggests an altogether different function for yawning—namely, that yawning prepares us for a change in activity level. Support for this theory came from a study of yawning behavior in everyday life. Volunteers wore wristmounted devices that automatically recorded their physical activity for up to two weeks: the volunteers also recorded their yawns by pressing a button on the device each time they yawned. The data showed that yawning tended to occur about 15 minutes before a period of increased behavioral activity. Yawning bore no relationship to sleep patterns, however. This accords with anecdotal evidence that people often yawn in situations where they are neither tired nor bored, but are preparing for impending mental and physical activity. Such yawning is often referred to as incongruous because it seems out of place, at least on the tiredness view: soldiers yawning before bat, musicians yawning before performing, and athletes yawning before peting. Their yawning seems to have nothing to do with sleepiness or boredom—quite the reverse—but it does precede a change in activity level. 10. The word “empirical” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○reliable ○based on mon sense ○relevant ○based on observation 11. The study of yawning behavior discussed in paragraph 4 supports which of the following conclusions? ○Yawning is associated with an expectation of increased physical activity. ○Yawning occurs more frequently when people are asked to record their yawning. ○People tend to yawn about fifteen minutes before they bee tired or bored ○Mental or physical stress tends to make people yawn 11 12. Why does the author mention “soldiers yawning before bat, musicians yawning before performing, and athletes yawning before peting”? ○To argue that just the expectation of physical activity can make some people feel tired ○To explain how the view that people yawn because they are tired accounts for yawning before stressful situations ○To support the view that yawning helps prepare a person for mental or physical exertion ○To provide anecdotal evidence that conflicts with the experience of the volunteers in the study Volunteers were told to think about yawning while they breathed either normal air, pure oxygen, or an air mixture with an abovenormal level of carbon dioxide. █ If the theory was correct, breathi