統(tǒng)計(jì)總論ppt課件-資料下載頁(yè)
2025-04-29 03:20本頁(yè)面
【正文】 ce or grade level variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum or the data may represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are prehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to prehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data. 42資料閱讀 描述統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)涉及對(duì)所收集數(shù)據(jù)的制表、制圖和描述。 這些數(shù)據(jù)可以是數(shù)量性的數(shù)據(jù)，如高度、智商、或者是層級(jí)性的數(shù)據(jù) 具有連續(xù)性的變量 或數(shù)據(jù)也可以代表性質(zhì)變量，如性別、大學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)或性格類(lèi)型等等。 數(shù)量龐大的數(shù)據(jù)通常必須經(jīng)過(guò)概括或刪減的程序才能為人所理解。 描述統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)就是這樣一個(gè)工具，它對(duì)極其龐雜的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行描述、概括或刪減，使其變成能為人理解的東西。 推理統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)是一套已定形了的方法體系，它解決的是光憑人腦極難解決的另一類(lèi)問(wèn)題。43資料閱讀 Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This general class of problems characteristically involve attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who e to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child: the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children. Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.44資料閱讀 這類(lèi)問(wèn)題的顯著特點(diǎn)是試圖通過(guò)取樣調(diào)查來(lái)作出預(yù)測(cè)。 例如，有一位教育督察想知道在一個(gè)龐大的學(xué)校系統(tǒng)中，不吃早飯就上學(xué)的學(xué)生、已經(jīng)做過(guò)防感冒免疫的學(xué)生，或其它任何類(lèi)型的學(xué)生占多大比例。 若具備一些統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的知識(shí)，這位督察應(yīng)明白，詢(xún)問(wèn)每個(gè)孩子是沒(méi)有必要而且沒(méi)有效率的，只要用 100個(gè)孩子為樣本，他就可以相當(dāng)精確地得出這些孩子占整個(gè)學(xué)區(qū)的比例了。 因此，推理統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的目的就是通過(guò)了解一個(gè)群體中一些樣本的特性，從而對(duì)整個(gè)群體的特性進(jìn)行推測(cè)和估算。 45THE END46
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