【導讀】-的基本功能包裝:包含保護/保存運輸通知/銷售。在過去,包裝在貿易領域經常忽略或者當物流決策可能可以獲得加分。確地影響了相當多的方面的產品,不僅在市場上,而且在客戶服務水平。從生產的一面,包裝也會感興趣,因為生產員工經常生產包裝貨物。的綜合物流成本可歸咎于包裝。包裝也能幫助防止盜竊和傷害,也有助于推銷商品,并通知客戶。其尺寸規(guī)格、形狀、和類型的包裝材料的類型和影響的資料數(shù)量,以及如何處理設備貨物都存放在倉庫里。樣地,包裝大小和形狀交通影響在裝貨港、卸載、和運輸產品。首先,應當保護貨物免遭傷害搬運、儲存和運輸過程中。振動造成的損害、影響,穿刺。和資料必須結合起來,達到預期的水平的保護的費用不產生過度保護。包裝產品特點,應給予協(xié)助處理而不是妨礙。-工業(yè)革命改造成:研究范式農民職業(yè)的人及當?shù)厥袌鋈澜绲墓I(yè)社會關系。-摘自個別包裝被并不重要,直到工業(yè)革命的發(fā)展促使城市。

　　

【正文】 ackaging is present somewhere in the world today. Packaging in developed countries To agonize over choice of package type, hire expensive marketing groups to develop images to entice the targeted buyer and spend lavishly on graphics. Packaging in lessdeveloped countries At the extreme, consumers will bring their own packages or will consume food on the spot, just as they did 2,000 years ago。 Packagers from the moredeveloped countries sometimes have difficulty working with lessdeveloped nations。 a. they fail to understand that their respective packaging priorities are pletely different. nations trying to sell goods to North American markets cannot understand their preoccupation with package and graphics. 10 10 The United Nations and packaging. The lessdeveloped countries do not have adequate land to raise enough food. Food goes beyond its natural biological life, spoils, is lost, is infested with insects or eaten by rodents, gets wet in the rain, leaks away or goes uneaten for numerous reasons, all of which sound packaging principles can prevent. In a poor economy that can afford no waste, no industries recover secondary value from food byproducts. Packaging is perceived to be a weapon against world hunger. Management and Environmental Issues The sources of waste material A discussion of packaging today means eventually turning to environmental issues. A perception: if only the packaging industry would stop doing something or, conversely, start doing something, all our landfill and pollution problems would go away. Ample evidence suggests that good packaging reduces waste. The consumer sees packaging as that part of shopping trip that gets thrown away. Hence, packaging is garbage. Consumer perceptions of packaging North American consumers have a basic distrust of manufacturers。 to them, manufacture is a dirty business. Jurisdictions Most wastemanagement issues: local jurisdictions。 every state or province can pass its own packaging regulations or mandates. In the Unites States, the states are mostly acting on their own。 CONEG and SSWMC are notable exceptions. Possible laws and mandates Recycling mandates/laws 11 11 Material reduction mandates/laws Restrictions on selected materials/package types Material bans or restrictions (for example, heavy metals or PVC) Bans on materials accepted as landfill (such as not accepting as corrugated fiberboard) Green labeling requirements/prohibitions Purchasing preference mandates Tax incentives/penalties . Deposit laws/advance disposal fees The four Rs hierarchy and what it means Reduce: use the minimum amount of material consistent with fulfilling its basic function. Reuse: containers or packaging ponents should be reused. Recycle: packaging should be collected and the materials recycled for further use. Recover: to possibly recover other value from the waste before consigning packaging to a landfill. Recycling realities The public myths: 1. Placing material in a blue box constitutes recycling. Recycling does not occur until someone uses the material collected. a) PCR materials in immediate contact with food need to be extensively investigated. b) In the instance of pharmaceutical packaging, such use is simply not allowed. c) Another impediment is a guarantee of consistent and reliable supply of the recovered material. 2. Recycled material should be economical. In many instances, recycled material is more costly, and its use needs to be supported in some way. a) The cost of landfilling MSW is still less than recycling in most areas. b) Revenues generated from the sale of recyclable materials do not always recover collecting and recycling costs. c) The process of recycling cannot ignore market economics. d) Environmentalists maintain that recycling is an issue of the environment, not of economics. Money expended to recycle a material represents an investment in fuel, water and other resources. When the 12 12 resource investment to recover a material exceeds the value of the material recovered, then the harm to the environment is greater, not less. e) The process of collecting and regenerating a packaging material for further use is a plex one for most materials. significant investment in sophisticated equipment. While glass is apparently readily identifiable, individual glass positions as well as different colors make it difficult to get uncontaminated feedstock. Paper fiber quality deteriorates with every recycling, and so paper cannot be recycled indefinitely. Plastic materials pose a number of serious recycling problems. The plastic industry developed a code for identifying the six most monly used packaging plastics。 it includes an “other” selection as a seventh code (Figure ). Figure A code identifies the main packaging plastic families. PETE is usually abbreviated PET and V is usually abbreviated PVC. Less monly used plastics and mixedplastics constructions are classified as “ other” 3. One or another of the many materials used for packaging is more environmentally friendly. There is no magic material. Laminate constructions are, in fact, environmentally friendly.