【正文】 ons. This means the gender difference was not due to men simply being more certain or women more uncertain about their judgments. Instead, it suggests men and women perceive the world differently.男性更有可能看到一個物體完全屬于或不屬于一個類別,而女性往往認(rèn)為只有部分是對象。更有趣的發(fā)現(xiàn)是,男人和女人同樣有信心對自己的決定。這意味著性別差異并不是由于男性更特定或女性對自己的判斷更加不確定。相反,它表明男性和女性不同的感知世界。DDThis may happen for a couple of reasons. One possibility is that societal gender roles promote more absolute, blackandwhite views in men and more detailed, plex views in women. Traditionally, cultures have rewarded males for being decisive and proactive, even if it means jumping to conclusions. In contrast, females are socialized to be more thoughtful and receptive to others39。 views, even if it means being more selfcritical. This socialization not only affects behavior and personality。 it also colors our perceptions. For instance, women perceive greater risk across many real and hypothetical scenarios relative to men, partly because risktaking is a central and esteemed ponent of the masculine gender role.這可能發(fā)生的原因。一種可能性是,社會性別角色促進更多的絕對,非黑即白的觀點在男人和更詳細的,復(fù)雜的女性觀點。傳統(tǒng)上,文化有回報,男性是決定性的和積極的,即使這意味著跳下結(jié)論。相比之下,女性社會化更周到,樂于接受別人的意見,即使它意味著更多的自我批評。這種社會化不僅影響行為和個性。它還顏色我們的看法。例如,女性認(rèn)為更大的風(fēng)險在許多真實的和假想場景相對于男性,部分是因為冒險是一個男性性別角色的中部和受人尊敬的組成部分。EEThe inclination to make categorical judgments—along with a person39。s fort in making them—can have important implications. For one thing, it influences the types of professions people pursue, especially for jobs that require decisions to be made frequently and without hesitation.傾向,使分類judgmentsalong與一個人的安慰使使得具有重要意義。首先,它影響類型的職業(yè)追求的人,特別是對于工作需要經(jīng)常和毫不猶豫地決定。FFEmergency medical workers—such as paramedics (護理人員) and emergency room doctors—need to look at a set of symptoms and diagnose a patient with a particular medical condition. Judges have to make decisions about the legality of evidence, testimony, objections raised, etc., throughout a trial. Managers and CEOs must be fortable making definitive judgments over and over. All of these professions are heavily maledominated, by about 2:1 in the US. Of course, there are many reasons for gender imbalances in occupations like these, and one might be the prospect of making all these decisions. At the same time, though, women39。s more nuanced views are probably an asset in many settings, particularly when there is time to deliberate.作為醫(yī)護人員緊急醫(yī)療這樣的工人(護理人員)和急診室醫(yī)生要看一組癥狀和診斷患者特定的醫(yī)療條件。法官對證據(jù)的合法性做出決定,證詞,反對,等等,在審判。經(jīng)理和首席執(zhí)行官必須舒適做出明確的判斷。所有這些職業(yè)都是男性居多,在美國約2:1。當(dāng)然,也有許多這樣的職業(yè),性別失衡的原因和一個可能的前景做出這些決定。同時,女性更微妙的觀點可能是資產(chǎn)在許多地方,尤其是當(dāng)有時間經(jīng)過深思熟慮的。GGLet39。s consider a second way to understand the gender difference in categorization. For this, imagine a simple study. People are shown three objects (. , seagull, squirrel, and tree) and asked to select the two they think should be grouped together. That is, they pick whichever two of the three things that seem to go together. (These instructions are deliberately vague。 nothing is mentioned about categorizing.) The study shows that people who choose seagull and squirrel are assumed to be thinking about the objects in terms of their categories (these were the two animals). But other people select squirrel and tree as their two items, which ignores categories and instead groups the objects based on their relation to one another in a particular context (squirrels are often in trees).讓我們考慮第二種理解性別差異的分類。為此,想象一下一個簡單的研究。人三個對象(如所示。、海鷗、松鼠和樹),并要求選擇兩個他們認(rèn)為應(yīng)該組合在一起。也就是說,他們選擇的兩個三件事似乎“在一起”。(這些指令故意含糊不清,沒有提到分類)。研究表明,選擇海鷗和松鼠的人假定為思考對象的類別(這是兩只動物)。但是其他人選擇松鼠和樹作為他們的兩個項目,而忽略了類別和組對象基于它們的關(guān)系而不是一個另一個在一個特定的上下文(松鼠經(jīng)常在樹上)。HHThese are very distinct approaches to understanding things in our environment. The first approach uses categories to make inferences about an object39。s characteristics. For example, say you39。re trying to figure out what your new boss is like. Apart from knowing your boss39。 gender and occupation, someone has also told you his marital status (he39。s married) and his religion (Protestant). Knowing he falls into these categories enables you to make abstract generalizations—using the stereotypes of those groups—about what he might be like as your boss. The information you get from these generalizations, though, is inherently abstract. The other way to understand him is by focusing on his relationship to other things. For instance, maybe you know that he39。s a close friend of your previous boss, and though you39。ve heard he39。s very mitted in his marriage, he39。s not very loyal to the pany you both work for. Unlike the stereotypical information, these relationships are limited to a particular context (his friendships, his love life) and don39。t generalize as well to other situations (how he behaves toward his employees). What you know about him is contextspecific.這是非常不同的方法在我們的環(huán)境中理解事情。第一種方法使用類型推斷物體的特征。例如,假設(shè)你想找出你的新老板是什么樣子。除了知道你老板的性別和職業(yè),也有人告訴你他的婚姻狀況(他已經(jīng)結(jié)婚了),他的宗教信仰(新教)。知道他落入這些類別可以使抽象generalizationsusing這些組織對他的成見可能會像你的老板。你得到的信息從這些概括,本質(zhì)上是抽象的。理解他的另一種方法是專注于其他事情與他的關(guān)系。例如,也許你知道,他是一個親密的朋友你以前的老板,盡管你聽過他在他的婚姻非常堅定,他不是很忠于你倆工作的公司。與典型的信息,這些關(guān)系僅限于特定的上下文(他的友誼,他的愛情生活)和不推廣以及其他情況(他如何表現(xiàn)對他的員工)。你知道他是上下文相關(guān)的。I我Research finds that men engage in more abstract thinking about many topics—using categories, generalizations—while women are more disposed to contextspecific thinking—in terms of concrete situations and relationships. This is evident, for one thing, in how some psychologists contrast the moral reasoning of males and females. Males39。 moral judgments tend to be governed by abstract principles of justice, duty, and fairness that apply to all people and situations (. , whether a law is broken, whether justice is served). Females39。 moral judgments give more weight to specific relationships between people and extenuating (情有可原的) circumstances in a given situation。 moral judgments are made through subjective feelings (. , whether someone feels betrayed or harmed) rather than abstract principles.研究發(fā)現(xiàn),男性更抽象的思考許多topicsusing類別,generalizationswhile女性更傾向于上下文特定的人體的具體情況和關(guān)系。這是顯而易見的,首先,一些心理學(xué)家如何對比男性和女性的道德推理。男性的道德判斷往往是由抽象的正義原則,責(zé)任,