【正文】 young person中的a表示類(lèi)別，意即“年輕人”，不是指某個(gè)年輕人。513. He may be conceited, illmannered, presumptuous or fatuous, but I do not turn for protection to dreary clich233。s about respect of elders—as if mere age were a reason for respect.【譯文】年輕人也許狂妄自負(fù)，舉止無(wú)理，傲慢放肆，愚昧無(wú)知，但我決不求助于要尊重長(zhǎng)者云云的陳詞濫調(diào)來(lái)為維護(hù)自己的尊嚴(yán)，似乎唯有年長(zhǎng)才是受人尊敬的理由?！局v解】he乃承a young person而選用。to turn to…for …為……求助于……。for protection作turn的目的狀語(yǔ)，位置提前是為了使句子更加緊湊。dreary clich233。s about respect of elders作to的賓語(yǔ)。about respect of elders作clich233。s的定語(yǔ)。for elders作respect的定語(yǔ)。句中的破折號(hào)引出被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分。【單詞和短語(yǔ)】conceited：自負(fù)的，自高自大的，驕傲自滿(mǎn)的（someone who is conceited thinks they are very clever, skillful, beautiful etc），名詞形式為conceit。presumptuous：專(zhuān)橫的，自行其是的，傲慢的，冒昧的，放肆的（doing sth. that you have no right to do and that seems rude），例如：It would be presumptuous for anybody to offer such a view.任何人提出這種觀點(diǎn)都是放肆的。fatuous：愚笨的，昏庸的，蠢的（very silly or stupid），名詞形式為fatuity，例如：fatuous talk 昏話(huà)Television mercials seem more fatuous than ever.電視廣告節(jié)目似乎比以往任何時(shí)候更沒(méi)意思了。514. I accept that we are equals, and I will argue with him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong.【譯文】我篤信我們是平等的。如果我認(rèn)為他們錯(cuò)了，我就以平等的身份和他們爭(zhēng)個(gè)明白?！締卧~和短語(yǔ)】equal:同等的人（someone who is as important, intelligent etc as you are, or who has the same rights and opportunities as you do），例如：Mix with your equals or betters. 與同你相仿或更好的人交往。Lesson 6 The sporting spirit第六課體育精神by GEORGE ORWELLfrom The sporting spirit 61. I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the mon peoples of the would could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.【譯文】當(dāng)人們說(shuō)體育可創(chuàng)造兩國(guó)的友誼，還說(shuō)各國(guó)民眾若在足球場(chǎng)或板球場(chǎng)上交鋒就不愿在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上殘殺的時(shí)候，我總是驚愕不已?！局v解】that if only…cricket作saying的賓語(yǔ)從句。其中的if從句是非真實(shí)條件從句。could meet和would have是表示與現(xiàn)實(shí)事實(shí)不符的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)。if only意為“只要”，引導(dǎo)非真實(shí)或真實(shí)條件句。【單詞和短語(yǔ)】amazed：十分驚奇的，吃驚的；顯示出驚奇的（very surprised），動(dòng)詞形式為amaze，名詞形式為amazement，例如：I was amazed at the news. 我聽(tīng)到這消息大為驚詫。I am amazed that he has never read The Lord of the Rings.他從未讀過(guò)《指環(huán)王》，我對(duì)此大為驚奇。goodwill：善意，友善；友好，親善（kind feelings towards or between people and a willingness to be helpful），例如，Princess Diana’s heart is full of goodwill to all men. 戴安娜王妃的心里對(duì)所有人都充滿(mǎn)善意。inclination：（性格上的）傾向；意向；愛(ài)好，癖好（a feeling that makes you want to do sth.），動(dòng)詞形式為incline，形容詞形式為inclined，例如，My inclination is to agree. 我傾向于同意。have an inclination for sports愛(ài)好體育follow one’s own inclinations隨心所欲62. Even if one didn39。t know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce if from general principles.【譯文】人們即使不能從具體的事例（如1936年奧運(yùn)會(huì)）了解到國(guó)際運(yùn)動(dòng)比賽會(huì)導(dǎo)致極度仇恨，也能從常理中推出結(jié)論?！局v解】that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred作know的賓語(yǔ)。one泛指人，可譯為“人們”。it指international… hatred?！締卧~和短語(yǔ)】concrete：具體的；確實(shí)的（definite and specific），例如，a concrete proposal/example 具體的建議/例子Money is concrete and wealth is abstract.錢(qián)是具體的，財(cái)富是抽象的。concrete的反義詞是abstract。concrete 亦可做名詞，常見(jiàn)意為“大理石”。orgy：無(wú)節(jié)制行為（an orgy of sth. used emphasize that people suddenly do a lot of a particular activity），例如：an allnight orgy of reading 徹夜的盡情閱讀an orgy of looting and burning 大肆搶劫并縱火的暴行hatred：仇恨；敵意；憎惡（an angry feeling of extreme dislike for sb. or sth.），例如：have /nurse a ferocious hatred of/for sb. 對(duì)某人懷有深仇大恨utter one’s hatred against the enemy 說(shuō)出對(duì)敵人的憎恨deduce：演繹；推論；推斷（to use the knowledge and information you have in order to understand sth or form an opinion about it），例如：From his conversation, she deduced that he had a large family.她從他的談話(huà)中推斷出他家里人口多。deduce聯(lián)想到deduction（演繹法）、induce（歸納）和induction（歸納法）。63. Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are petitive.【譯文】現(xiàn)在開(kāi)展的各種體育項(xiàng)目幾乎都具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性?！局v解】practised nowadays是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，作定語(yǔ)，修飾sports。【單詞和短語(yǔ)】petitive的動(dòng)詞形式為pete，名詞形式為petition。64. You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win.【譯文】參加比賽就是為了取勝。如果不拼命爭(zhēng)取勝利，比賽就沒(méi)有什么意義了?！局v解】you泛指人，可譯為“人們”。to win作目的狀語(yǔ)?！締卧~和短語(yǔ)】do one’s utmost：竭力（tried as hard as one could），例如：The coach did his utmost to make us into a winning game.教練竭盡全力使我隊(duì)成了常勝隊(duì)。與do one’s utmost同義的短語(yǔ)有spare no efforts，stint no efforts，do sth. to the best of one’s ability等。65. On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise: but as soon as a the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage bative instincts are aroused.【譯文】在鄉(xiāng)間的草坪上，當(dāng)你隨意為雙方鼓勁，并且不涉及任何地方情緒時(shí)，那才可能是單純的為了娛樂(lè)和鍛煉而進(jìn)行比賽?？墒且涣可婕暗綐s譽(yù)問(wèn)題，一旦你想到你和某一團(tuán)體會(huì)因?yàn)槟爿敹鴣G臉時(shí)，那么最野蠻的爭(zhēng)斗天性便會(huì)被激發(fā)?！局v解】the fun and exercise中fun和exercise被視為整體看待，所以才共用一個(gè)定冠詞the?！締卧~和短語(yǔ)】patriotism：愛(ài)國(guó)主義，另掌握patriot（愛(ài)國(guó)者）和patriotic（愛(ài)國(guó)的）兩詞。66. Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this.【譯文】即使是僅參加過(guò)學(xué)校足球賽的人也有這種體會(huì)。【講解】who has played even in a school football match系定語(yǔ)從句，修飾anyone。67. At the international level, sport is frankly mimic warfare.【譯文】在國(guó)際比賽中，體育簡(jiǎn)直是模擬戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)?！局v解】at the international level作狀語(yǔ)，直譯為“在國(guó)際水平上”。【單詞和短語(yǔ)】frankly：坦白地，直率地；不加掩飾地（used to show that you are really think about sth.），例如：He frankly admitted his error. 他坦率地承認(rèn)了自己的錯(cuò)誤。mimic：模擬的（to behave or operate in exactly the same way as sth. or sb. else）。68. But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests, and seriously believe—at any rate for short periods—that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.【譯文】但是，令人感到意味深長(zhǎng)的不是運(yùn)動(dòng)員的表現(xiàn)，而是觀眾的態(tài)度，以及觀眾身后各個(gè)國(guó)家的態(tài)度。面對(duì)著這些荒唐的比賽，參賽的各個(gè)國(guó)家會(huì)如癡如狂，甚至煞有介事地相信——至少在短期內(nèi)如此——跑跑、跳跳、踢踢球都是對(duì)一個(gè)國(guó)家品德素質(zhì)的檢驗(yàn)。【講解】and, behind the spectators, of the nations…are tests of national virtue是對(duì)But the significant thing…the attitude of the spectators的引申。當(dāng)句子后有表示說(shuō)明，解釋、引申的內(nèi)容時(shí)用冒號(hào)。behind spectators作定語(yǔ)，修飾nations，前置是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)。of the nations前省略了the attitude。work和believe是定語(yǔ)從句中的并列謂語(yǔ)。at any rate for short periods作插入語(yǔ)，句中的兩個(gè)破折號(hào)隔開(kāi)被強(qiáng)調(diào)的插入語(yǔ)。that running