【正文】 的賓語從句（或間接引語）中，這時從句中的動作發(fā)生在主句表示的過去的動作之前。 He said that he had known her well. 他說他很熟悉她。 I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我認(rèn)為我一星期前就把信寄出去了。 （6） 狀語從句：在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中，發(fā)生在前，用過去完成時；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時。 如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引導(dǎo)的 When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. 我醒來時雨已停了。 She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work. 她直到把工作做完之后才睡覺。 　　　注意：如果兩個動作緊接著發(fā)生，則常常不用過去完成時，特別是在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中，因為 這 時從句的動作和主句的動作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確，這時可以用一般過去時代替過去完成時。 After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 馬克思到達(dá)英格蘭之后，努力提高他的英語水平。 （7）動詞think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用過去完成時來表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的想法，打算或意圖等。 They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他們本來打算去幫忙，但沒有及時趕到那里。 We had hoped to be able to e and see you . 我們本來希望能來看看你。 （8）過去完成時還可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。 Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他剛開始演講，聽眾就打斷了他。 No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他剛到就又走了。 It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 這是他那一年第三次失業(yè)了。 語法判定1. 由時間狀語來判定 ：一般說來，各種時態(tài)都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有： （1）by + 過去的時間點。如： I had finished reading the novel by nine o39。clock last night. （2）by the end of + 過去的時間點。如：We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （3）before + 過去的時間點。如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由“過去的過去”來判定：過去完成時表示“過去的過去”，是指過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作，即動作有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的用過去完成時，在后的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在： （ 1 ）賓語從句中 ：當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時，且從句的動作先于主句的動作時，從句要用過去完成時。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。如： 　　She said that she had seen the film before. （ 2 ）狀語從句中 ：在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的，要用過去完成時，動作在后的要用一般過去時。如： 　　After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 　　注意： before, after 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時。如： 　　After he closed the door, he left the classroom. （3）表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示原本…，未能… We had hoped that you would e, but you didn39。t. 3. 根據(jù)上、下文來判定。 　　I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn39。t seen each other since he went to Beijing. 【練習(xí)】1. We _____________ (paint) the house before we ______________ (move) in.2. That rich old man _____________ (make) a will before he _____________ (die).3. They _____________ (study) the map of the country before they ________ (leave).4. The robbers _____________ (run away ) before the policemen_______ (arrive).5. I __________ (turn off) all the lights before I ____________ (go) to bed.6. Paul __________ (go) out with Jane after he __________ (make) a phone call.7. Tom __________ (say) he ___________ (read) the book twice.8. Our plan ____________ (fail ) because we _____________ (make) a bad mistake.9. When the chairman ______________ (finish) speaking, he _____________ (leave)the hall. Reads __ ______ (have) lunch when I ________________(get) to their house. I ______________(arrive) at the station, he ____________________(leave). _______________(learn) about 4000 English words by the end of last term.13. I waited until he _______________(finish) his homework.14. We were surprised at what she ________already ______(do) ____________(not go) to Qingdao because she ________________ (be) there before.16. He ______________(not tell) you the news yet. 17. He said he _____________already_________(give) the book to the teacher.18. I ______________(be) to Shanghai before. 19. She told me she _________________(be) to Sanya three times. _____________(play) the guitar while her sister_______________(sing).二．句型轉(zhuǎn)換1．I had sold the ticket when she came.（改否定句） had sung a song to us before she danced.（改否定句） began to climb the mountain after they had bought all the food and drinks.（否定） 10:00 , I had been very hungry. （改一般疑問） had already pleted the project when I arrived.（改一般疑問） the time he got to the airport, the plane had taken off. （改一般疑問）7..He had broken his arm when I saw him.（對劃線部分提問） he had read the note, he ate it. （對劃線部分提問）9. .Jack didn’t go to the cinema because he had seen the film. （對劃線部分提問） had had the toys for ten years before we gave them to the child. （對劃線部分提問） had written the book by the end of 1960. （對劃線部分提問） cooked the dumplings. We ate them up. （用過去完成時連接兩句）’s father mended the car. It was broken. （用過去完成時連接兩句） had our tests. Then we had a long holiday.( 用過去完成時連接兩句)After we ________________________, we _____________________________ showed us the picture. Then he showed us around the house. 用過去完成時連接兩句)Before he _______________________, he______________________________.參考答案：. had painted... moved 2. had made ... died 3. had studied…left4. had run away..arrived5. had turned off …went 6. went …h(huán)ad made 7. said …h(huán)ad read 8 failed …h(huán)ad made 9. (had) finished …left 10. were having/had had …got 11. arrived ..had left 12.. had learned 13. (had) finished 14. had ..done 15 didn39。t go …h(huán)ad been 16. hasn39。t told 17 had …given 18. have been 19. had been 20. was playing …was singing二．1．I hadn39。t sold the ticket when she came. 2. She hadn39。t sung a song to us before she danced. 3. They didn39。t begin to climb the mountain after they had bought all the food and . Had you been very hungry by 10:00 ? 5. Had Lucy pleted the project when I arrived yet? 6. Had the plane taken off by the time he got to the airport? 7. What had he done when you saw him? did he do when he had read the note? 9. Why didn39。t Jack go to the cinema? 10. How long had you/we had the toys before you/we gave them to the child? had she written by the end of 1960? we had cooked the dumplings, we ate them up. ’s father mended the car because it had been broken. we had had our tests, we had a long holiday. 15. Before he showed us around the house, he had showed us the picture.七、一般將來時：概念：表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事。標(biāo)志詞:tomorrow,thedayaftertomorrow,soon,thisafternoon/evening/weekend,nextyear/month,tonight,in+一段時間（in10years）等。結(jié)構(gòu)及其肯定式、否定式、疑問式及簡略回答：+V原形+其它.(will用于各種人稱,shall用于第一人稱:I/we)(1)肯定句:主語+will/shall+V原形+其它.Iwill/shallbeateacherin10years.(willbea/an+職業(yè)名詞)Therewillbeameetingtomorrow.Youwillbetallersoon.（willbe+形容詞）Peoplewillhaverobotsinthefuture.(2)否定句:主語+will/shall+not+V原形+其它.They