【正文】 nciple of taxation, called the benefit principle, states that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services. This principle tries to make public goods similar to __36__ goods. It seems reasonable that a person who often goes to the movies pays more in __37__ for movie tickets than a person who rarely goes. And __38__ a person who gets great benefit from a public good should pay more for it than a person who gets little benefit.The gasoline tax, for instance, is sometimes __39__ using the benefits principle. In some states, __40__ from the gasoline tax are used to build and maintain roads. Because those who buy gasoline are the same people who use the roads, the gasoline tax might be viewed as a __41__ way to pay this government service.The benefits principle can also be used to argue that wealthy citizens should pay higher taxes than poorer ones, __42__ because the wealthy benefit more from public services. Consider, for example, the benefits of police protection from __43__. Citizens with much to protect get greater benefit from police than those with less to protect. Therefore, according to the benefits principle, the wealthy should __44__ more than the poor to the cost of __45__ the police force. The same argument can be used for many other public services, such as fire protection, national defense, and the court system.注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。A) adaptB) contributeC) exertingD) expensesE) fairF) justifiedG) maintainingH) privateI) providedJ) revenuesK) similarlyL) simplyM) theftN) totalO) wealth2014年12月第二套題As an Alaskan fisherman. Timothy June, 54, used to think that he was safe from industrial pollutants （污染物）at his home in Hainesa town with a population of 2,400 people and 4,000 eagles, with 8 million acres of protected wild land nearby. But in early 2007, June agreed to take part in a 36 of 35 Americans from seven states. It was a biomonitoring project, in which people’s blood and urine（尿）were tested for 37 of chemicalsin this case, three potentially dangerous classes of pounds found in mon household 38 like face cream, tin cans, and shower curtains. The results39 in November in a report called “Is It in Us?” by an environmental groupwere rather worrying. Every one of the participants, 40 from an Illinois state senator to a Massachusetts minister, tested positive for all three classes of pollutants. And while the 41 presence of these chemicals does not 42 indicate a health risk, the fact that typical Americans carry these chemicals at all 43 June and his fellow participants.Clearly, there are chemicals in our bodies that don’t 44 there. Ongoing study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has found 148 chemicals in Americans of all ages. And in 2005, the Environmental Working Group found an 45 of 200 chemicals in the blood of 10newborns. “Our babies are being born prepolluted,” Says Sharyle Patton of Commonweal,which cosponsored “Is It in Us?” “This is going to be the next big environmental issue after climate change.”注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。A)analysesB)averageC)belong D)demonstratedE)excessF)extending G)habituallyH)necessarilyI)productsJ)rangingK)releasedL)shockedM)simpleN)surveyO)traces2014年12月第三套題For decades, Americans have taken for granted the XXXX development of new technologies. The innovations(創(chuàng)新)XXXX opment during World War II and afterwards were(37)_____ to the prosperity of the nation in the second half of the 20th century. Those innovations, upon which virtually all aspects of(38)_____ society now depend, were possible because the United States then(39)_____ the world in mathematics and science education. Today, however, despite increasing demand for workers with strong skills in mathematics and science, the(40)_____ of degrees awarded in science, math, and engineering are decreasing.The deeling in degree production in what are called the STEM disciplines(science, technology, engineering, and math.)seems to be(41)_____related to the paratively weak performance by . schoolchildren on international assessments of math and science. Many students entering college have weak skills in mathematics. According to the 2005 report of the Business Higher Education Forum, 22 percent of college freshmen must take remediat(補習(xí)的)math(42)_____, and less than half of the students who plan to major in science or engineering(43)_____plete a major in those fields.The result has been a decrease in the number of American college graduates who have the skills, (44)_____ in mathematics, to power a workforce that can keep the country at the forefront(前言)of innovation and maintain its standard of living. With the(45)_____ performance of American students in math and science has e increased petition from students from other countries that have strongly supported education in these areas. Many more students earn(46)_____ in the STEM disciplines in developing countries than in the United States.A) acceleratingB) actuallyC) closelyD) contemporaryE) coursesF)critical G) decliningH)degreesI) especiallyJ) futureK) led L) metM) proceduresN) proportionsO) spheres