【正文】 people can get benefits, so that enterprises can bee consciously disloyal behavior。 the same time, small and medium enterprises in order to obtain bank support to a large extent determined by the enterprise itself, so enterprises will have to practice hard, Strength, and strive to create a good business performance. increase the capital supply side and the mutual munication between the lendersAt present, China mainly e from the banks lending to SMEs, therefore, allow banks to learn more about their business situation and future development prospects and timely payment of interest repayment, to maintain a good credit history. SMEs should also be understood that the bank39。s trade finance business and banking conditions for approval of trade finance, process and audit the focus of bank trade financing business do not understand the situation, it is very difficult to expand the effective use of the banking trade finance business volume of SMEs. Accordingly, banks should also be based on the current trade market, the emergence of new trends and new requirements for the development and launch of the actual needs of SMEs, trade finance products. improve China39。s trade financing systemBanks to speed up the pace of reform, and actively adjust the credit structure, vigorously develop diversified financial services , especially in trade finance for SMEs should be conducted to financial services , and promote the development of SMEs. As soon as possible to formulate relevant laws and regulations, strengthening selfregulation as well as the construction of credit system for private security agencies to create a good living environment and guide private investment into the area of trade finance for SMEs. To create a policyoriented financial system for SMEs, and should gradually improve relevant systems, with a view to SME trade finance solution to the problem. The legislative branch should be integrated with the international trade in the actual work and future development trends, based on national conditions and also with international standards as soon as possible to establish a sound legal system for trade financing. Banks and SMEs should carefully examine the existing laws and regulations, analysis of international practices and China39。s current problems between the legal environment to develop feasible operating plans to build the productoriented business operating procedures in order to carefully study the standard contract certificate format the text to avoid business legal risks that may arise. relevant professionalsFirst, banking, foreign trade enterprises to personnel on the business of international trade, international finance, law and other related knowledge and training so that they understand the bank39。s trade finance products, understanding the characteristics of various products。 followed by operational staff to strengthen the sense of risk. In peacetime work, should pay attention to lessons learned continue to accumulate experience and knowledge, especially versed in international trade and transport insurance, pay close attention to international trade market trends, understand the modities market on changes in foster international trade market insight, enhance recognition the potential risks. development of lowrisk bank financing ForfaitingBanks should be able in due course of business to the enterprise to promote the appropriate species, to play the role of financial advisers. According to small and medium enterprises to conduct normal business, trade, import and export financing needs to be a positive innovation in financial services , for traditional products, to run out of new ideas. If packaged loan business is not limited to operations under the letter of credit, should be gradually expanded to the collection and export invoice financing, import business in turn can be used to open letters of credit, standby letters of credit and other forms of business to meet the various financing needs of SMEs to promote enterprise development . In addition, domestic letters of credit, government procurement, closed credit, business and other derivative instruments are also more suitable for international financing of SMEs. (From: Wikipedia)中小企業(yè)國(guó)際貿(mào)易融資問(wèn)題研究一、引言 全國(guó)政協(xié)副主席白立忱在2008年8月2日第二屆亞太經(jīng)合組織工商咨詢理事會(huì)中小企業(yè)峰會(huì)開(kāi)幕式上說(shuō)規(guī)模和市場(chǎng)價(jià)格受其他因素的影響，中小企業(yè)發(fā)展正面臨著許多共同的問(wèn)題，其中融資問(wèn)題是中小企業(yè)發(fā)展的最大瓶頸。白立忱指出中國(guó)的中小企業(yè)約占99%的總?cè)藬?shù)的企業(yè)，產(chǎn)值占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的58%，出口量為68%，支付48%的稅，提供75%的城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。國(guó)家是否有錢有勢(shì)的人，不論貧富，生活是豐富多彩的，經(jīng)濟(jì)充滿活力，與這個(gè)國(guó)家發(fā)展中小企業(yè)的程度密切相關(guān)。 中小企業(yè)是指注冊(cè)資金500萬(wàn)元以內(nèi)、總資產(chǎn)2000萬(wàn)元以下、年銷售額4000萬(wàn)元以下的企業(yè)。隨著中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革的深化，中小企業(yè)在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中發(fā)揮著越來(lái)越重要的作用。由于消除非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)國(guó)家從事外貿(mào)的限制，越來(lái)越多的中小企業(yè)獲得外貿(mào)經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)。然而，由于中小型企業(yè)起步較晚，資本積累小，資金短缺已成為制約中小企業(yè)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展的瓶頸。雖然中國(guó)的中小企業(yè)的操作模式和營(yíng)銷活動(dòng)比大型企業(yè)靈活，但融資困難比大企業(yè)高得多。 隨著銀行不斷開(kāi)發(fā)新的融資產(chǎn)品，并增加工作強(qiáng)度，貿(mào)易融資收入占銀行總收入的比例逐漸提高。與此同時(shí)，面對(duì)今年信貸緊縮新的形勢(shì)下，各種商業(yè)發(fā)展目標(biāo)瞄準(zhǔn)中小企業(yè)信貸市場(chǎng)。這樣，如何在中小企業(yè)國(guó)際貿(mào)易融資過(guò)程中結(jié)合中小企業(yè)發(fā)展的特點(diǎn)具有重大的研究和實(shí)踐意義。 中小企業(yè)的主要原因是貿(mào)易融資困難 國(guó)際貿(mào)易融資是依靠國(guó)際結(jié)算中的相關(guān)鏈接提供的相關(guān)中介，進(jìn)口商和出口商的結(jié)算方式的選擇將決定貿(mào)易融資的種類和業(yè)務(wù)流程，通過(guò)沉降地區(qū)的融資，以加速企業(yè)的流動(dòng)資金，以解決企業(yè)應(yīng)收款項(xiàng)和外部金融的困難。國(guó)際貿(mào)易融資是以國(guó)際貿(mào)易為基礎(chǔ)，它不僅涉及國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)外貿(mào)易市場(chǎng)，結(jié)合不同的法規(guī)和復(fù)雜的多個(gè)方面，而且也與進(jìn)出口相關(guān)的銀行業(yè)務(wù)和商業(yè)雙重信貸密切相關(guān)。相對(duì)于大型企業(yè)，中小企業(yè)貿(mào)易融資面臨更多的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素，并因此面臨更多的困難。 （一）中小企業(yè)內(nèi)部的原因中小企業(yè)中國(guó)經(jīng)營(yíng)的進(jìn)出口數(shù)量龐大，但總體效率低下。一些虧損企業(yè)管理混亂，信用較差，往往是由于缺乏資金和融資，貸款。信用證融資是指在銀行資金的包裝現(xiàn)金。銀行短期融資往往是長(zhǎng)期占領(lǐng)的事實(shí)，嚴(yán)重影響了銀行資產(chǎn)的流動(dòng)性和安全。 同時(shí)貿(mào)易過(guò)程中的存在投機(jī)業(yè)務(wù)，例如，在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)，一個(gè)差異較大的國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)外的產(chǎn)品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易商進(jìn)口此類貨物。如新聞紙，紙漿，化纖，鋼鐵，食糖，精制油，一旦國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)，這些商品下降的價(jià)格，付款不能被回收，它們構(gòu)成了銀行資金的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 國(guó)際進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易從談判和合同履行來(lái)說(shuō)是一種商業(yè)信用。為此，雙方的進(jìn)出口企業(yè)的信用狀況，管理能力，進(jìn)出口貨物，價(jià)格，質(zhì)量，交貨期限，市場(chǎng)條件和匯率的變動(dòng)，以及企業(yè)生產(chǎn)率等許多因素都會(huì)影響貿(mào)易是否成功完成。在此期間，任何一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)出了問(wèn)題，有可能導(dǎo)致經(jīng)營(yíng)失敗，導(dǎo)致貿(mào)易糾紛和索賠以及貿(mào)易風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。機(jī)電設(shè)備進(jìn)口項(xiàng)目，例如，中小企業(yè)由于缺乏足夠的技術(shù)支持，一旦進(jìn)口設(shè)備沒(méi)有正常工作，或不能滿足工藝要求的最終用戶的情況，拒絕支付終端用戶面臨的問(wèn)題，導(dǎo)致貸款風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 從銀行的角度來(lái)看，銀行作為金融企業(yè)，商業(yè)銀行的經(jīng)營(yíng)原則是流動(dòng)性，安全性和盈利性。其中利潤(rùn)是安全的根本目的是基本前提。因此，在經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)中，商業(yè)銀行必須確保他們的資金是安全的，也就是說(shuō)，損失和不能出現(xiàn)短缺，使商業(yè)銀行對(duì)中小企業(yè)貸款積極性不高。 （二）銀行體系的原因 進(jìn)出口銀行在促進(jìn)雙方在外資銀行的貿(mào)易起到了關(guān)鍵的作用，按照商業(yè)原則進(jìn)行管理經(jīng)營(yíng)，如管理不善和受失敗的可能性。中型銀行在選擇代理方面沒(méi)有足夠的能力進(jìn)行全面的調(diào)查海外代理，缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)的長(zhǎng)期合作和他們的代理人，而一些發(fā)展中國(guó)家，外貿(mào)，金融，知識(shí)不足，外貿(mào)管理政策，在貿(mào)易結(jié)算時(shí)可能被不合理拒絕支付等。國(guó)內(nèi)銀行普遍缺乏對(duì)中小企業(yè)適用的金融產(chǎn)品，信用評(píng)價(jià)體系和保障體系。中國(guó)的金融政策和金融體系是以國(guó)有企業(yè)為基礎(chǔ)，特別是國(guó)有大型企業(yè)為主要對(duì)象的設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)，該銀行的信貸評(píng)估體系，缺乏評(píng)估中小型企業(yè)的模塊，而不是指大型企業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，過(guò)多地考慮企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)目標(biāo)，導(dǎo)致企業(yè)的融資需求無(wú)法獲得貸款。因此，要解決中小企業(yè)融資難的問(wèn)題，我們必須了解中小企