【正文】 0。andwither.historyInSouthChinathelifehistoryofthispestoccursthroughouttheyear.Itpletesthelifecyclein1317daysinsummerandin5060daysinwinter.Theremaybe1416generationstakesplaceperyear. Egg:Eggismminlength,withslightlytranslucentLarva:Larvaisheadlessmaggot,about3mminlengthwhenfullgrown.1stinstarlarvacolorless,butpaleyelloworangeonhatching. Laterinstarsyelloworange.Larvaewithapairofposteriorspiraclesshapedlikeatriplecone.Eachposteriorspiracleopensbythreepores,oneporelocatedtowardtheapexofeachcone.Pupa: Pupa oval, slightly flattened ventrally, pale yelloworange but oftendarkeningtogoldenbrown.幼蟲潛入葉肉中，幼蟲潛入葉肉中，留下彎曲的蛀道留下彎曲的蛀道美洲斑潛蠅Liriomyza sativaeAmerican Leaf Miner節(jié)瓜薊馬節(jié)瓜薊馬Thrips palmiPalm Thrips:Southeast Asia , Japan, South China.:This insect is one of the most important pests on gourd and potato family in South China.:The larva and adult suck the juice of the plants on the young leaf, bud, and young fruit, leading to wither or dwarf of the young leaf. The hairs on the surface of the host plant darkened, the fruits dropped and the yield lost obvious when severe damage happens in the plantations.? Adult:Adultisabout1mminlength,golden,headslightlysquare.Eyesproject,ocelli3,reddish,rangingintriangle,antenna7segmented,wingsnarrow.? Egg:Eggismminlength,elongated,whiteyellowish.? Nymph:Nymphyellowwhitish,eyesredin3rdinstar. History:This insect can occur over 20 generations, with heavily overlapping between generations. It develops and reproduces all over the whole year in the plantations in South China. Usually damage gourds, beans and eggplant during the period of March to October, and forming 3 peaks of population dynamics in late May to midJune, midJuly to earlyAugust , and September, respectively. In autumn the population is so high that server damage is led. AdultNymph Damage瓜蚜（棉蚜）瓜蚜（棉蚜）Aphis gossypii GloverMelon aphids plants:TheinsectcanattacksPigeonpea,limabean,greenpeas,cowpeas,andotherLeguminosae.:Almostpletelypantropicalregionsindistribution,extendingupintothesubtropicsandwarmertemperateareas,butonlyafewrecordfromAustralia.:Earlyinstarlarvae feedinsidethedevelopingseeds,butlater instarsfeedfreely insidethepods.Theimmature caterpillar may leave the original pod and perate one or more fresh pods before reaching is very mon pest of pigeon pea and other legume crops in many parts of the world。sometimesrecordedasaseriouspest.? Adult:Theadultmothisbrown,withawingspanof2427mm.Therearetwowhiteandtransparentspotsinthemiddleoftheforewing.? Egg:Theeggsareoval,shinywhite,mminlength.Theyarelaidsinglyorinsmallgroups(upto6)onimmaturepods.? Larva:Thecaterpillarisbluewithayellowhead,and1217mmlongwhenmature.Caterpillarwrigglesveryviolentlyifthepodisopenedanditisdisturbed.? Pupa:When thelarvaisfullgrownitleavesthepod,dropsintotheground.Andabout3cmbelowsoillevelitspinsacocoonandhereitturnsintoayellowishbrownpupawith610mmlong.豇豆莢螟Maruca testulalis Pea Pod Borer AdultDamageLarva其它食葉甲蟲其它食葉甲蟲? 二十八星瓢蟲二十八星瓢蟲 Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata? 黑守瓜黑守瓜 Aulacophora lewisii? 黃守瓜黃守瓜 Aulacophora femoralis蔬菜害蟲天敵種類蔬菜害蟲天敵種類Natural Enemies of Vegetable Insect Pests瓢蟲lady beetlesSevenspotsladybeetle七星瓢蟲Coccinella septempunctata AdultLarva澳洲瓢蟲Rodolia cardinalis VedaliaBeetle異色瓢蟲Leis axyridisMulticoloredAsianLadyBeetle虎甲科 (Cicindelidae)六斑虎甲Cicindela sexpunctata FabriciusSixSpottedGreenTigerBeetle步甲科 CarabidaeLebia grandis隱翅蟲科StaphylinidaeAleochara bilineata盲蝽科 (Miridae)Deraeocoris nebulosus花蝽科 (Anthocoridae)Orius tristicolorandO. insidiosusNnnnhhhLlLlll長蝽科(Lygaeidae)普通草蛉 Chrysopa carneaAdultLarva食蚜蠅食蚜蠅Hover Fly螳螂螳螂Mantis蜘蛛 Spiders智利小植綏蟎Phytoseiulus persimilis寄生蜂寄生蜂Parasitoids? Eggparasitoids? Larvaparasitoids? PupaparasitoidsTrichogrammaApanteles glomeratus Pteromulus puparum姬蜂科 Ichneumonidae島彎尾姬蜂Diadema insulareKkK繭蜂 科(Braconidae)菜粉蝶絨繭蜂Apanteles glomeratus跳小蜂科 (Encyrtidae) Metaphycus alberti蚜小蜂科Aphidiinae 麗蚜 小蜂Encarsia formosa纓小蜂科 (Mymaridae) Anaphes flavipes赤眼蜂 科(Trichogrammatidae)玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae寄蠅科(Tachinidae)因感染真菌而死的甜菜夜蛾幼蟲。 Thelarvaeofbeetarmywormaredeadofakindoffungus.因感染真菌而死的小菜蛾幼蟲。entomopathogenic fungus, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus因感染真菌而死的煙粉虱 .生長周期短、生態(tài)不穩(wěn)定。? 一般十字花科蔬菜生長周期： 3050天。瓜豆類較長，但也不超過 1個季節(jié)。不利于天敵的繁殖和存活。? 管理精細，經(jīng)濟價值高。品種多樣，季節(jié)性變化大。? 蔬菜品種的多樣性，使得害蟲種類多，組成變化大。? 十字花科蔬菜的連續(xù)種植，為害蟲提供了充足的食物來源，使一些害蟲呈上升趨勢。如小菜蛾和黃曲條跳甲。二、蔬菜地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的特點復種指數(shù)高? 多食性害蟲如美洲斑潛蠅和斜紋夜蛾容易發(fā)生，多種害蟲同時發(fā) 生，造成嚴重為害。 消費者對蔬菜的外觀質(zhì)量要求高，用藥頻繁。? 天敵被大量殺傷，天敵群落單一。 許多蔬菜直接食用，有些除洗滌外不再加工。? 在防治上要求高效、低毒。? 平時采收頻繁，天敵不易建立種群 。 蔬菜地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的特點三、蔬菜害蟲的發(fā)生特點對防治的要求