【導(dǎo)讀】1)描述當(dāng)前時間內(nèi)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。在這種情景中，句子常帶有表示頻率的時間狀語：always,everyday,often,onceaweek. ,sometimes,seldom,usually等等，以表示句中的動作或狀態(tài)是習(xí)慣性。Itseldomrainshere.這兒很少下雨。2）僅為了描述狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、特征、能力等等。3)陳述客觀事實、客觀真理。顧名思義，客觀的情況是"沒有時間概念"的；也"不會在意動作進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)"。動詞只能用一般現(xiàn)在時來表示將來要發(fā)生的動作。如果你接受這份工作，他們將和你談?wù)劶?xì)節(jié)。用于一般現(xiàn)在時的副詞，除了上面提到的一些表示頻率的以外，常見的還有：now,today,一般現(xiàn)在時除主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時謂語動詞要加s外，一律用動詞原形。

　　

【正文】 我上次見到你之后你到哪里去了 ? 【注】有時可用其他時態(tài)的情 況，但須注意： ① 對于某些表示狀態(tài)的動詞 (如 seem 等 )，或因語義等方面的原因，有時可能用一般現(xiàn)在時比較現(xiàn)在完成時更合適： It seems like years since we last met. 我們似乎幾年未見面了。 Since when does the $42 plus $5 service charge e to $48? 從什么什候開始 42 元加 5 元的服務(wù)費等于 48 元了 ? ② 若不是指從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，而是指從較遠(yuǎn)的過去持續(xù)到在一個較近的過去，則用過去完成時： Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告訴我自星期二以來他一直未吃任何東西。 (指從星期二至昨天未吃東西 ) ③ 表示時間長度時，通常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替現(xiàn)在完成時： It’s ten years since he left here. 他離開這兒已 10 年了。 (2) so far(到目前為止 )： So far there has been no bad news. 到現(xiàn)在為止還沒有什么壞消息。 We haven’t had any trouble so far. 到目前為止，我們還沒有遇到任何麻煩。 (3) in [for, during] the past [last] … years( 在過去 … 年中 )： In the past two years I’ve seen him little. 過去兩年我很少見到他。 I have been here (for) the last [past] month. 最近一個月里我都在這兒。 【注】在一定的上下文里，若是以過去時間為起點，也可用過去完成時。 (4) up to [until] now(到現(xiàn)在為止 )： Up to now, the work has been easy. 到現(xiàn)在為止這工作還算容易。 I have heard nothing from him up to now. 到現(xiàn)在為止我還沒有聽到他一點音信。 (5) It’s [will be] the first time that…( 第一次 …) ： It’s the first time I’ve e here. 這是我第一次來這兒。 Don’t fet, it’ll be the first time I’ve spoken in public. 別忘了，這是我第一次在公共場合 基本結(jié)構(gòu) 由 have 加動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成，主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時，要將 have 改為 has。 例句： I have seen the film already. 我已經(jīng)看過那部電影了。 (現(xiàn)在我知道電影的內(nèi)容了。 ) Have you seen my bag? 你看到我的手提包了嗎 ? (你知道它在哪里 ? ) She has been a dancer for ten years. 她已當(dāng)了十年的舞蹈演員了。 練習(xí)題 一、單項選擇 Both his parents look sad .Maybe they _________what39。s happened to him . Ａ . knew Ｂ . have known Ｃ . must know Ｄ .will know He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ? Ａ . already Ｂ .never Ｃ .ever Ｄ . still Have you met Mr Li ______？ Ａ . just Ｂ . ago Ｃ .before Ｄ . a moment ago The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year Ａ . is writing Ｂ .was writing Ｃ .wrote Ｄ .has written Our country ______ a lot so far . Yes . I hope it will be even ______ . Ａ . has changed 。 well Ｂ . changed 。 good Ｃ . has changed 。 better Ｄ . changed 。 better 6 、 Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years . Ａ . was 。 studying Ｂ . will 。 study Ｃ . has 。 studied Ｄ . are 。 studying We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . Ａ . know Ｂ . had known Ｃ . have known Ｄ . knew Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice . Ａ . will see Ｂ . have seen Ｃ . saw Ｄ .see These farmers have been to the United States . Really ? When _____ there ? Ａ . will they go Ｂ . did they go Ｃ . do they go Ｄ . have they gone ______ you ___ your homework yet ? Yes . I _____ it a moment ago . 二、句型轉(zhuǎn)換 1This factory opened twenty years ago.(同義句轉(zhuǎn)換 ) This factory ________ for twenty years. 2Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同義句轉(zhuǎn)換 ) Miss Gao ________ _______ ________ ________ an hour ago. 3Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同義句） Her mother _______ the Party three years ________ . 4The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同義句轉(zhuǎn)換 ) _______ two years ________ the Green family moved to Fra nce. 5 The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把兩個句子合并成一個句子 ) 三、漢譯英 1 她還沒有看過那部新電影。 2 她去過上海。 3 他這些天上哪兒去了？ 七、 過去完成時 內(nèi)涵 (簡單內(nèi)涵 ) 1. 發(fā)生在 “過去的過去 ” g When I woke up, it had stopped raining. eg Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. eg By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. 時態(tài)詳解 一、過去完成時的概念與結(jié)構(gòu)特點 概念：過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作，即 過去的過去（ pastinthepast ） 。 | || 那時以前 那時 現(xiàn)在 構(gòu)成：過去完成時由 助動詞 had + 過去分詞 構(gòu)成，其中 had 通用于各種人稱。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She had finished writing the position by 10 ： 00 this morning. 二、過去完成時的判斷依據(jù) 1. 由時間狀語來判定 一般說來，各種時態(tài)都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有： （ 1 ） by + 過去的時間點。 如： I had finished reading the novel by nine o39。clock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 過去的時間點。 如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 過去的時間點。 如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由 過去的過去 來判定 。 過去完成時表示 過去的過去 ，是指過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作，即動作有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的用過去完成時，在后的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在： （ 1 ）賓語從句中 當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時，且從句的動作先于主句的動作時，從句要用過去 完成時。在 told, said, knew, heard, thought 等動詞后的賓語從句。如： She said that she had seen the film before. （ 2 ）狀語從句中 在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的，要用過去完成時，動作在后的要用一般過去時。如： When I got to the station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意： before, after 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時。如： Where did you study before you came here? After he closed the door, he left the classroom. （ 3 ）表示意向的動詞，如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用過去完成時表示 原本 … ，未能 … We had hoped that you would e, but you didn39。t. 3. 根據(jù)上、下文來判定。 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn39。t seen each other since he went to Beijing. 三、過去完成時的主要用法 1. 過去完成時表示一個動作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時間或動作之前 已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，即發(fā)生在 過去的過去 。如： When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒來時，雨已經(jīng)停了。（主句的動作發(fā)生在 過去的過去 ） 2. 過去完成時是一個相對的時態(tài)，表示的是 過去的過去 ，只有和過去某一時間或某一動作相比較時才使用它。如： He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 發(fā)生在 told 之前 ) 3. 過去完成時需要與一個表示過去的時間狀語連用，它不能離 開過去時間而獨立存在。此時多與 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等時間副詞及 by ， before ， until 等引導(dǎo)的短語或從句連用。 如： Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for abo