【正文】 代表的信條而且正是為了這些信條，他們中許多人正在忍受折磨，甚至正在死去。16. These are the principles upon which alone a new world recognizing the brotherhood of man and the fatherhood of God can be established.1只有憑借這些信條，人類才能建立起人人如手足、上帝如慈父的新世界。The art of public Speaking 公共演講的藝術(shù)1. The need for effective public speaking will almost certainly touch you sometime in your life. When it does,you want to be ready. But even if you never give another speech in your life,you still have much to gain from studying public speaking. Your speech class will give you training in researching topics,organizing your ideas,and presenting yourself skillfully. The training is invaluable for every type of munication.在你生活的某個(gè)時(shí)刻，幾乎必定需要做某種有影響力的公開演講。當(dāng)這個(gè)時(shí)刻來到時(shí)，你希望自己十分有把握。但是，即便你從未發(fā)表過一個(gè)演講，你仍然會(huì)從學(xué)習(xí)公共演說中獲益良多。你的演講課將會(huì)在研究主題、組織思路、和表現(xiàn)技巧方面對(duì)你進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練。這種訓(xùn)練對(duì)任何類型的交流都是非常寶貴的。2. There are many similarities between public speaking and daily conversation. The three major goals of speakingto inform,to persuade,to entertainare also the three major goals of everyday conversation. In conversation,almost without thinking about it,you employ a wide range of skills. You organize your ideas logically. You tailor your message to your audience. You tell a story for maximum impact. You adapt to feedback from your listener. These are among the most important skills you will need for public speaking.在公開演講和日常交談之間有許多類似的東西。演說的三個(gè)主要目的是：傳達(dá)、說服、吸引，這些也是日常交談的三個(gè)主要目的。在交談中，你已經(jīng)不假思索地使用很多技巧。你有條理地組織你的觀點(diǎn)，你根據(jù)聽眾修改信息。你選擇講述某個(gè)故事以取得最大的效果。你從聽眾的反饋中改變自己。這些是你在公開演講時(shí)所需要的最重要的技巧。3. Of course,public speaking is also different from conversation. First,public speaking is more highly structured than conversation. It usually imposes strict time limitations on the speaker,and it requires more detailed preparation than dose ordinary conversation. Second,speechmaking requires more formal language. Listeners react negatively to speeches loaded with slang,jargon,and bad grammar. Third,public speaking demands a different method of delivery. Effective speakers adjust their voices to the larger audience and work at avoiding distracting physical mannerism and verbal habits.當(dāng)然，公開演說不同于交談。首先，公開演講比交談要有更高的組織結(jié)構(gòu)性。公開演說者通常受嚴(yán)格的時(shí)間限制，故此它需要比普通交談更細(xì)致的準(zhǔn)備。其次，公開演說需要使用正式語言。聽眾對(duì)充滿俚語、行話、和語法錯(cuò)誤的講話反應(yīng)消極。第三，公開演說需要用一種不同聲調(diào)和姿勢(shì)。有影響力的演說者調(diào)整他的聲調(diào)去面對(duì)大量的觀眾，力求避免分散人注意力的身體習(xí)慣動(dòng)作，力求避免習(xí)慣性口頭語。4. One of the major concerns of students in any speech class is stage fright. Actually,most successful speakers are nervous before making a speech. Your speech class will give you an opportunity to gain confidence and make your nervousness work for you rather than against you. You will take a big step toward overing stage fright if you think positively,choose speech topics you really care about,prepare thoroughly,and concentrate on municating with your audience. Like many students over the years,you too can develop confidence in your speechmaking abilities.在任何一個(gè)演講教室里，學(xué)生最主要的擔(dān)心之一就是怕上臺(tái)。事實(shí)上，最成功的演說家在發(fā)表一場(chǎng)演講之前也會(huì)緊張。你的演講教室將給你一個(gè)獲得信心的機(jī)會(huì)，讓你的緊張的神經(jīng)幫助你而不是阻礙你。如果你能這樣積極地考慮，你將會(huì)朝著戰(zhàn)勝怯場(chǎng)的方向邁進(jìn)一大步：選擇你真正關(guān)心的演講主題，充分地準(zhǔn)備，集中精力與你的聽眾溝通。如同過去的許多同學(xué)一樣，你同樣能夠在你的演講能力上提高信心。5. The speech munication process as a whole includes seven elementsspeaker,message,channel,listener,feedback,interference,and situation. The speaker is the person who initiates a speech transaction. Whatever the speaker municates is the message,which is sent by means of a particular channel. The listener receives the municated message and may provide feedback to the speaker. Interference is anything that impedes the munication of a message,and the situation is the time and place in which speech munication occurs. The interaction of these seven elements is what determines the oute in any instance of speech munication.語言交流的過程，整體而言包括七個(gè)要素：演說者、信息、溝通途徑、聽眾、反饋、外界干擾、和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)形態(tài)。演說者是演講事件的開始者。演說者傳遞的是信息，它必經(jīng)某種特定溝通途徑傳送出去。聽眾接受傳達(dá)到的信息，并且向演說者提供反饋。外界干擾是妨礙信息溝通的任何事物，而現(xiàn)場(chǎng)形態(tài)是演說發(fā)生的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)。這七個(gè)要素的相互作用決定任何情況下演說交流的效果。6. Because speechmaking is a form of power,it carries with it heavy ethical responsibilities. Ethical speakers use sound means to achieve sound goals. They do this by being well informed about their subjects by being honest in what they say,by using sound evidence,and by employing valid reasoning.因?yàn)檠葜v是力量的一種表現(xiàn)形態(tài)，它承載著很重的道德責(zé)任。有道德的演說者用聲音的方式去實(shí)現(xiàn)聲音的目的。他們通過很好闡述他們的主題、通過誠(chéng)實(shí)于他們所說的話、通過使用可靠的論據(jù)、以及通過正確的評(píng)論做這件事。 Gentleman 何為紳士The Victorian gentleman must have been really something to behold if the following article is any woman who has dreamed of Knight in shining armor,the perfect man,or just a man who would give up the TV remote control,you have found him ,these gentleman mostly existed in the Victorian of us may be lucky enough to find one in the 20th those of you still looking,you may get some good tips on things to look for in a man. For those of you who are married,take heart and remember,your husband may not resemble the Victorian Gentleman,but you love him anyway.如果下面這篇文章是真實(shí)的，那莪維多利亞女王的紳士真的值得關(guān)注了。對(duì)于那些夢(mèng)想找到一個(gè)“身穿光亮鎧甲的騎士”、一個(gè)完美男人或者一個(gè)僅僅是放棄電視要哦那個(gè)的男人的女人來說，你在這里就可以找到了。記住，很少有人能夠幸運(yùn)地找到一個(gè)。對(duì)于那些在尋找的人，你可能在尋求的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上得到一些好的提示，對(duì)于那些已經(jīng)結(jié)婚的人來說，你們要有信息并且記得，你的丈夫可能不像“維多利亞女王時(shí)代的紳士”，但是不管怎么樣，你愛他。What is a gentleman?到底什么樣的人才算得上一個(gè)紳士呢It is almost a definition of a gentleman to say he is one who never inflicts pain. This description is both refined and,as far as it goes,accurate. He is mainly occupied in merely removing the obstacles which hinder the free and unembarassed action of those about him,and he concurs with their movements rather than takes the initiative himself.紳士是個(gè)從來都不會(huì)給人帶來痛苦的人，這幾乎成了紳士的定義。這一描述不僅精煉，而且現(xiàn)在看來也依然是準(zhǔn)確的。他的主要職責(zé)就是消除那些阻礙周圍的人自如行動(dòng)的障礙。而且他與其他人行動(dòng)一致，而不是采取主動(dòng)。His benefits may be considered as parallel to what are called forts or conveniences in arrangements of a personal nature: like an easy chair or a good fire,which do their part in dispelling cold and fatigue,though nature provides both means of rest and animal heat without them.他的益處相當(dāng)于個(gè)人生活中給人們帶來舒適或便利的事物，就像安樂椅或溫暖的火，能夠驅(qū)除寒冷和疲勞，盡管沒有它們，大自然也能提供休息的場(chǎng)所，人也可以靠體溫來保持溫暖。The true gentleman in like manner carefully avoids whatever may cause ajar or a jolt in the minds of those with whom he is cast。all clashing of opinion,or collis