【正文】 發(fā)明可獲得一定時期的壟斷權(quán)，壟斷期結(jié)束后，就要把該項發(fā)明的全部細節(jié)公布于眾。只有在極為特殊的情況下，專利期才被延長從而改變這一正常事件的過程。延長時間最長的專利批準給了喬治瓦倫西。他于 1939 年獲準的彩電接收機線路的專利一直延續(xù)到 1971 年，因為在當(dāng)時這項專利期內(nèi)沒有彩色電視節(jié)目可以接收，因此專利無望被采用。 因為一項專利到期后，該專利就永久公開了，因此，專利局的圖書館書架上那數(shù)百萬個觀點只要是超過半個世紀，任何人都可自由使用，有時甚至可以重新取得專利。實際上，專利專家們常對希望開發(fā)有效專利而又想避免高額費用的人提出建議，即避免侵犯他人專利權(quán)的有效方法就是使用過期專利。同樣，因為用任何其他方式公布一種觀點都會使該觀點永久失效，所以傳統(tǒng)上，從其他領(lǐng)域的印刷材料上使用觀點是安全的。許多現(xiàn)代技術(shù)的發(fā)展都是基于這些法律安全的考慮。任何與專利及發(fā)明密切相關(guān)的人很快會得知，多數(shù)新的觀點事實上已相當(dāng)陳舊。只有把握時代的需求，銳意進取，跟上新技術(shù)的步伐，專利才能變成商業(yè)實踐，從而實現(xiàn)名利雙收。用磁錄音這一理論的最初專利始于 1886 年。電視生成原理的許多原創(chuàng)思路都始于 19 世紀后期和 20 世紀初。甚至1904 年馬在車后的馬車專利已經(jīng)預(yù)見到了發(fā)動機后置的德國“大眾” 轎車的出現(xiàn)。121886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.131994 年研究生入學(xué)考試英語閱讀理解 APassage I The American economic system is anized around a basically privateenterprise, marketoriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in petition with other businessmen。 and the profit motive, operating under petitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their ines, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. An important factor in a marketoriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by sellerproducers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a modity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by sellerproducers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system. The important factor in a privateenterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.51. In Line 11, Para 1, the desire of individuals to maximize their ines means__.[A] Americans are never satisfied with their ines[B] Americans tend to overstate their ines[C] Americans want to have their ines increased[D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their ines52. The first two amp。sentences in the second paragraph tell us that__.[A] producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production[B] consumers can express their demands through producers[C] producers decide the prices of products[D] supply and demand regulate prices53. According to the passage, a privateenterprise economy is characterized by__.[A] private property and rights concerned14[B] manpower and natural resources control[C] ownership of productive resources[D] free contracts and prices54. The passage is mainly about__.[A] how American goods are produced[B] how American consumers buy their goods[C] how American economic system works[D] how American businessmen make their profits[第 51 題答案及題解頁數(shù)] D 第頁[第 52 題答案及題解頁數(shù)] D 第頁[第 53 題答案及題解頁數(shù)] A 第頁[第 54 題答案及題解頁數(shù)] C 第頁[長難句突破 ]The American economic system is anized around a basically privateenterprise, marketoriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.主體句式：The American economic system is anized around a economy.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：本句結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜，重點在于抓住主干，然后逐步分析其細枝末節(jié)。Economy后面的 which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句用來修飾 economy，這個從句中的主干是 consumers determine what shall be produced?！皐hat shall be produced”后面的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)是一個由 by 引導(dǎo)的狀語，句末的定語從句 that they want most 修飾 goods and services。需要注意的是本句主要圍繞著 economy 這個詞語展開。If, on the other hand, producing more of a modity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by sellerproducers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.主體句式：This will tend to increase the supply結(jié)構(gòu)分析：本句開頭是一個由 if 引導(dǎo)的條件從句，該句的主語是一個動名詞短語“producing more of a modity”。在句子的主干中， supply 后面的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)“offered by sellerproducers”后置作 supply 的定語。句子的最后是由 which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句，which指代前面整個主句的內(nèi)容。15[全文譯文 ]The American economic system is anized around a basically privateenterprise, marketoriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in petition with other businessmen。 and the profit motive, operating under petitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their ines, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. An impo