【正文】 y about the behavior of early humans (B) To identify activities that are distinctly human (C) To illustrate the limits of a historical record of human development 12 (D) To establish that early human kept domesticated animals word it in line 11 refers to (A) evolution (B) counting (C) tribe (D) shepherd is the basic principle of the tally method described in the second paragraph? (A) The count is recorded permanently. (B) Calculations provide the total count. (C) Large quantities are represented by symbols. (D) Each marker represents a singly object. 16. The word employing in line 13 is closest in meaning to (A) using (B) paying (C) focusing (D) hiring of the following is NOT mentioned as an early methods of counting? (A) Cutting notches (B) Bending fingers (C) Piling stones (D) Tying knots word maintained in line 15 is closest in meaning to (A) justified (B) asserted (C) located (D) kept word assortment in line 17 is closest in meaning to (A) instrument (B) variety (C) surplus (D) symbol can be inferred that research in other academic fields relates to research in the author39。s field in which of the following ways? (A) It contributes relevant information (B) It is carried out on a simpler level. (C) It is less reliable than research in the author39。s field. (D) It causes misunderstandings if applied to the author39。s field. of the following conclusions is supported by the passage? (A) Counting processes did not develop until after writing became widespread. (B) Early counting methods required herds of animals. (C) Mathematics has remained unchanged since ancient times. (D) Early humans first counted because of necessity. in the passage does the author mention the ability of animals to recognized small and large 13 groups? (A) Lines 12 (B) Lines 69 (C) Lines 1012 (D) Lines 1718 Questions 2331 As the merchant class expanded in the eighteenthcentury North American colonies, the silversmith and the coppersmith businesses rose to serve it. Only a few silversmiths were available in New York or Boston in the late seventeenth century, but in the eighteenth century they could be found in all major colonial cities. No other colonial (5) artisans rivaled the silversmiths39。 prestige. They handled the most expensive materials and possessed direct connections to prosperous colonies merchants. Their products, primarily silver plates and bowls, reflected their exalted status and testified to their customers39。 prominence. Silver stood as one of the surest ways to store wealth at a time before neighborhood (10) banks existed. Unlike the silver coins from which they were made, silver articles were readily identifiable. Often formed to individual specifications, they always carried the silversmith39。s distinctive markings and consequently could be traced and retrieved. Customers generally secured the silver for the silver objects they ordered. They saved coins, took them to smiths, and discussed the type of pieces they desired. (15) Silversmiths plied with these requests by melting the money in a small furnace, adding a bit of copper to form a stronger alloy, and casting the alloy in rectangular blocks. They hammered these ingots to the appropriate thickness by hand, shaped them, and pressed designs into them for adornment. Engraving was also done by hand. In addition to plates and bowls, some customers sought more intricate products, such as (20) silver teapots. These were made by shaping or casting parts separately and then soldering them together. Colonial coppersmithing also came of age in the early eighteenth century and prospered in northern cities. Copper39。s ability to conduct heat efficiently and to resist corrosion contributed to its attractiveness. But because it was expensive in colonial (25) America, coppersmiths were never very numerous. Virtually all copper worked by smiths was imported as sheets or obtained by recycling old copper goods. Copper was used for practical items, but it was not admired for its beauty. Coppersmiths employed it to fashion pots and kettles for the home. They shaped it in much the same manner as silver or melted it in a foundry with lead or tin. They also mixed it with zinc to make brass for maritime and scientific instruments. to the passage, which of the following eighteenthcentury developments had a strong impact on silversmiths? (A) a decrease in the cost of silver (B) the invention of heatefficient furnaces (C) the growing economic prosperity of colonial merchants (D) the development of new tools used to shape silver word They in line 5 refers to (A) silversmiths (B) major colonial cities (C) other colonial artisans (D) materials word exalted in line 7 is closest in meaning to 14 (A) unusual (B) uncertain (C) surprising (D) superior colonial America, where did silversmiths usually obtain the material to make silver articles? (A) From their own mines (B) From importers (C) From other silversmiths (D) From customers word ingots in line 17 refers to (A) coins that people saved (B) blocks of silver mixed with copper (C) tools used to shape silver plates (D) casts in which to form parts of silver phrase came of age in line 22 is closest in meaning to (A) established itself (B) declined (C) became less expensive (D) was studied passage mentions all of the following as uses for copper in colonial America EXCEPT (A) cooking pots (B) scientific instruments (C) musical instruments (D) maritime instruments to the passage, silversmiths and articles coppersmiths in colonial America were similar in 125 which of the following ways? (A) The amount of social prestige they had (B) The way they shaped the metal they worked with