【導(dǎo)讀】師的指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行的研究工作及取得的成果。盡我所知，除文中特別加。而使用過的材料。對(duì)本研究提供過幫助和做出過貢獻(xiàn)的個(gè)人或集體，均已在文中作了明確的說明并表示了謝意。

　　

【正文】 broadly based empirical crosslinguistic investigations. What makes the NSM system effective is that this minilanguage is “clear, accessible, minimal, noncircular, and nonethnocentric”. The quality of 8 nonethnocentricity, or cultural neutrality, accorded to that minilanguage puts it in contrast with full natural language, which is said to embody within their lexicons and grammars some cultural load: In natural language, meaning consists in human interpretation of the world. It is subjective, anthropocentric, and reflects predominant cultural concerns and culturespecific modes of social interaction as much as any objective features of the world “as such”. Another important role in the field of NSM is Goddard. Cliff Goddard is professor in linguistics at Griffith University, Australia. He is, with Anna Wierzbicka, a leading proponent of the Natural semantic metalanguage approach to linguistic analysis. Goddard?s research has explored cognitive and cultural aspects of everyday language and language use, and he is considered a leading scholar in the fields of semantics, and crosscultural pragmatics. Goddard has worked with Wierzbicka for many years and they have put forward a lot of outstanding theories. For examples, the hallmark of the NSM system ... is that meanings are represented in a tightly constrained, yet expressively flexible, minilanguage of simple in definable meanings (semantic primes) along with their inherent universal grammar. This theory was appeared in their work in 2020. Studies on NSM at Home Fan Wenfang, a domestic scholar, is the first person who introduced NSM theory into China. She made a review on Wierzbicka?s work CrossCultural Pragmatics: the Semantics of Human Interaction (Fan, 1995). The domestic study of NSM theory had been conducted ever since. Zhang Jijia, a Professor in the Department of Psychology at Renmin University of China, has a major research program at cognitive psychology and linguistic psychology. Zhang and Jiang Minmin (2020) did some thorough research on NSM theory. They used the basic semantic to explain the meaning in different languages. They also discussed the content and recent development of NSM theory,. Subsequently, they pointed out the challenges of the theory. A great number of scholars are devoted to the research of NSM. Professor Li Jiongying mainly focuses on semantics, crosscultural pragmatics, intercultural munication, Second Language Acquisition and foreign language education. Li explored the similarities and differences between the semantic theories of Wierzbicka?s Natural Semantic Metalanguage and Jackendoff?s Conceptual Structure from perspective of semantic primes (Li, 2020). Despite the fact that both theories are 9 dedicated to the identifying of semantic primes, there exist three fundamental differences. Li made quite a contribution to NSM theory. For example, in his essay, Li proposes that NSM theory is a new paradigm within contemporary semantics. Cultural Script approach is useful in exploring the semantic universals entailed in plicated language phenomena, and in representing the cultural norms and values which are reflected in language. Thus it provides a semantic approach to the study of crosscultural pragmatics (Li, 2020). Pu Dongmei summarized that the NSM is a depositional system of meaning representation based upon empirically established universal semantic primes. It deals with the crosscultural language in reductive semantic analysis by means of cultural script (Pu, 2020). Compared with the traditional crosscultural semantic analysis approach, NSM has the merits of direct perception and neutral description, and therefore, is of great importance to the research of contemporary crosscultural semantics and pragmatics. Besides, Chen Chunchu, Lu Zhi, Zhang Zhe and many other domestic scholars have made a prehensive introduction of the NSM theory, promoting this study to a new stage. Summary We have made great achievements on NSM. However, because of the testability of the NSM, it would be more persuasive if some tests and surveys are launched before this paper. There is plenty to solve. 10 Chapter 3 The Translatability View of NSM Theory Of this chapter, the first issue to be discussed is the philosophical foundation of NSM theory and the translatability view of NSM theory, followed by the extraction of semantic primes and the application of semantic primes in reductive paraphrase. The Philosophical Foundation of NSM Theory NSM theory, which was set up by Poland Semantic School, originated from philosophy. It was based on rationalism traditions, which came from quite a number of outstanding philosophers? works, such as Leibniz and Arnauld?s works. Leibniz saw semantic primes as “the alphabet of human thoughts” (Wierzbicka 1996). He saw verbal signs as tools. In addition, only with the help of this tool, human minds can make progress in all fields. And on this basis he put forward a profound thinking. That is verbal sign. It is a higher form of human minds, so human mind is a necessity. Arnauld and Nicole, who are members of PortRoyal School, pointed out that it was impossible for human beings to define each word, because we need to use another word to point out a concept clearly, and the concept was associated with another concept that we have to define. This evidence suggested that the process of defining a word was endless, because we always need another word to define a word. As a result, we have to stay on the primitive which has not been defined (Arnauld amp。 Nicole, 1996). The origins of these assumptions can be found in ancient Greek times. Greek atomic philosophy, which was found by Leukippos and Demkritos, put forward that the origins of the world were “atoms”. Its original