【導讀】electricityorchemicals.TypesofburnsTherearethreetypesofburns.Burnsarecaledfirst,second,orthirddegreeburns,dependingonwhichlayersoftheskinareburned.FirstdegreeburnsTheseaffectonlythetoplayeroftheskin.Theseburnsarenotseriousandshouldfeelbetterwithinadayortwo.Examplesincludemildsunburnandburnscausedbytouchingahotpan,stoveorironforamoment.SeconddegreeburnsTheseafectboththetopandthesecondlayeroftheskin

　　

【正文】 A SH O RT H ISTO RY O F WESTERN PAIN TIN G Art i s infl uenced by the customs and fai th of a peopl e. Styl es i n Western art have changed m any tim es. As there are so m any different styl es of Western art, it woul d be im possi bl e to descri be al l of them i n such a short text. Consequentl y, thi s text wi l describe onl y the m ost i m portant ones, starti ng from the si xth century AD. The Mi ddl e Ages (5th to the 15th century AD) Duri ng the Mi ddl e Ages, the m ai n ai m of painters was to represent rel igi ous them es. A conventi onal arti st of thi s peri od was not i nterested i n showing nature and peopl e as they real l y were. A typical picture at this tim e was ful l of reli gi ous sym bol s, whi ch created a feeli ng of respect and l ove for God. But i t was evi dent that i deas were changi ng i n the 13th century when pai nters l i ke Giotto di Bondone began to paint reli gi ous scenes i n a m ore real istic way. The Renaissance (15th to 16th century) Duri ng the Renai ssance, new i deas and val ues gradual y replaced those hel d i n the Mi ddl e Ages. Peopl e began to concentrate l ess on rel igi ous them es and adopt a m ore hum ani sti c attitude to l i fe. At the sam e tim e pai nters returned to cl assi cal Rom an and Greek i deas about art. They tried to pai nt peopl e and nature as they real y were. Ri ch peopl e wanted to possess thei r own pai nti ngs. so they coul d decorate thei r superb pal aces and great houses. They pai d fam ous arti sts to pai nt pi ctures of them sel ves, their houses and possessi ons as wel as thei r acti vi ti es and achievem ents. O ne of the m ost i m portant discoveri es duri ng thi s peri od was how to draw thi ngs in perspecti ve. Thi s technique was fi rst used by Masacci o in 1428. When peopl e fi rst saw hi s painti ngs, they were convi nced that they were l ooki ng through a hol e in a wal at a real scene. If the rul es of perspecti ve had not been di scovered, on one woul d have been abl e to pai nt such reali stic pi ctures. By coi nci dence, oil pai nts were also devel oped at thi s tim e, which m ade the col ors used i n pai nti ngs look ri cher and deeper. Without the new pai nts and the new techni que, we woul d not be able to see the m any great m asterpi eces for whi ch thi s peri od is fam ous. Im pressi onism (l ate 19th to earl y 20th century) In the l ate 19th century, Europe changed a great deal, from a m ostl y agri cul tural soci ety to a m ostl y i ndustri al one. Many peopl e m oved from the countrysi de to the new citi es. There were m any new i nventi ons and soci al changes. Natural ly, these changes al so l ed to new pai nti ng styl es. Among the pai nters who broke away from the tradi ti onal styl e of pai nti ng were the Im pressi oni sts, who li ved and worked i n Pari s. The Im pressi onists were the fi rst pai nters to work outdoors. They were eager to show how l ight and shadow fel l on objects at di fferent tim es of day. H owever, because natural l ight changes so quickl y, the Im pressioni sts had to paint qui ckl y. Their painti ngs were not as detail ed as those of earli er painters. At first, m any peopl e di sl iked thi s style of pai nting and became very angry about i t. They said that the pai nters were carel es and thei r painti ngs were ridi cul ous. Modern Art (20th century to today) At the ti me they were created, the Impresi oni st paintings were controversial , but today they are accepted as the begi nning of what we cal l “modern art”. Thi s i s because the Impressi onists encouraged artists to l ook at their environment i n new ways. There are scores of m odern art styles, el ectri ci ty or chemi cal s. Types of burns There are three types of burns. Burns are cal l ed fi rst, second, or thi rd degree burns, dependi ng on whi ch layers of the ski n are burned. Fi rst degree burns These affect onl y the top l ayer of the ski n. These burns are not serious and shoul d feel beter wi thi n a day or two. Exam pl es i nclude m il d sunburn and burns caused by touchi ng a hot pan, stove or i ron for a m om ent. Second degree burns These affect both the top and the second l ayer of the skin. These burns are seri ous and take a few weeks to heal. Exam pl es i ncl ude severe sunburn and burns caused by hot l i qui ds. Thi rd degree burns These afect al three l ayers of the ski n and any ti ssue and ans under the ski n. Exam ples i ncl ude burns caused by el ectri c shocks, burni ng cl othes, or severe petrol fires. These burns cause very severe i njuries and the vi ctim must go to hospi tal at once. Characteri sti cs of burns First degree burns ●dry, red and mi l dl y swol en ● mil dl y painful ● turn white when pressed Second degree burns ● rough, red and swol en ● blisters ● watery surface ● extrem ely painful Third degree burns ● bl ack and white and charred ● swol en。 often tissue under them can be seen ● l itl e or no pain if nerves are dam aged。 m ay be pai n around edge of injured are. Fi rst ai d treatm ent Rem ove clothi ng usi ng sci ssors i f necessary unl ess it i s stuck to the burn. Take off other cl othi ng and jewel ry near the burn. Cool burns im medi atel y wi th cool but not i cy water. It is best to pl ace burns under gentl y runni ng water for about 10 m inutes. (The col water stops the burni ng proces, prevents the pai n be i ng unbearable and reduces swel li ng. ) Do not put col d water on thi rd degree burns. For fi rst degree burns, pl ace cool, cl ean, wet cl oths on them until the pai n i s not so bad. For second degre burns, keep cl oths cool by putti ng them back in a basi n of col d water, squezi ng them out and pl aci ng them on the burned area over and over agai n for about an hour until the pai n i s not so bad. Dry the burned area gentl y. Do not rub, as this m ay break any bli sters and